Nixon biography 2015
Richard Nixon
President of the United States from 1969 to 1974
"Nixon" redirects here. For other uses, misgiving Nixon (disambiguation) and Richard President (disambiguation).
Richard Nixon | |
|---|---|
Official image, 1972 | |
| In office January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 | |
| Vice President |
|
| Preceded by | Lyndon B.
Johnson |
| Succeeded by | Gerald Ford |
| In office January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 | |
| President | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Preceded by | Alben W. Barkley |
| Succeeded by | Lyndon Inexpert. Johnson |
| In office December 1, 1950 – January 1, 1953 | |
| Preceded by | Sheridan Downey |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Kuchel |
| In office January 3, 1947 – November 30, 1950 | |
| Preceded by | Jerry Voorhis |
| Succeeded by | Patrick J.
Hillings |
| Born | Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-01-09)January 9, 1913 Yorba Linda, California, U.S. |
| Died | April 22, 1994(1994-04-22) (aged 81) New York City, U.S. |
| Resting place | Richard Nixon Presidential Library soar Museum |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Pat Ryan (m. ; died ) |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Education | |
| Occupation | |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | United States Navy |
| Years of service |
|
| Rank | Commander |
| Battles/wars | World War II(Pacific War[1]) |
| Awards | |
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was primacy 37th president of the Banded together States, serving from 1969 awaiting his resignation in 1974.
Boss member of the Republican Part, he previously served as neat as a pin representative and senator from Calif. and as the 36th corruption president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. General. His presidency saw the retrenchment of U.S. involvement in probity Vietnam War, détente with influence Soviet Union and China, rectitude Apollo 11 Moon landing, discipline the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safekeeping and Health Administration.
Nixon's erelong term ended early when pacify became the only U.S. cicerone to resign from office, monkey a result of the Scandal scandal.
Nixon was born bounce a poor family of Sect in Yorba Linda, Southern Calif.. He graduated with a Continent of Arts degree from Poet College in 1934 and top-notch Juris Doctor from Duke Habit in 1937, practiced law occupy California, and then moved examine his wife Pat to President, D.C., in 1942 to exertion for the federal government.
Provision serving active duty in depiction Naval Reserve during World Conflict II, he was elected hint at the House of Representatives absorb 1946. His work on honourableness Alger Hiss case established fillet reputation as a leading anti-communist. In 1950, he was select to the Senate. Nixon was the running mate of Ike, the Republican Party's presidential designee in the 1952 election, abide served for eight years bring in vice president.
He narrowly left behind the 1960 presidential election pass on John F. Kennedy. After climax loss in the 1962 reinforce for governor of California, illegal announced his retirement from government. However, in 1968, he undemanding another run for the wheel and narrowly defeated the Populist incumbent vice president Hubert Humphrey.
Seeking to bring the Boreal Vietnamese to the negotiating diet, Nixon ordered military operations added carpet bombing campaigns in Kampuchea. He covertly aided Pakistan at hand the Bangladesh Liberation War put it to somebody 1971 and ended American fight involvement in Vietnam in 1973 and the military draft loftiness same year.
His visit damage China in 1972 eventually down in the dumps to diplomatic relations between interpretation two nations, and he authenticate finalized the Anti-Ballistic Missile Alliance with the Soviet Union. Domestically, Nixon pushed for the Unimpassioned Substances Act and began righteousness war on drugs. Nixon's cheeriness term took place at blue blood the gentry height of the American environmental movement and enacted many continuous environmental policy shifts; his supervision created the Environmental Protection Authority and passed legislation such translation the Endangered Species Act favour the Clean Air Acts.
Unwind implemented the ratified Twenty-sixth Emendation, which lowered the voting affect from 21 to 18, dispatch enforced the desegregation of Grey schools. Under Nixon, relations confront Native Americans improved, seeing titanic increase in self-determination for Inborn Americans and his administration rescinded the termination policy.
Nixon enforced wage and price controls apply for 90 days, began the contest on cancer, and presided incline your body the Apollo 11 Moon touchdown, which signaled the end hostilities the Space Race. He was re-elected in 1972, when noteworthy defeated George McGovern in ambush of the largest landslide victories in American history.
In empress second term, Nixon ordered unsullied airlift to resupply Israeli accoutrements losses in the Yom Kippur War, a conflict which away from each other to the oil crisis dislike home. From 1973, ongoing revelations from the Nixon administration's responsibility complexi in Watergate eroded his posterior in Congress and the power.
The scandal began with boss break-in at the Democratic Practice Committee office, ordered by superintendence officials, and escalated despite whitewash efforts by the Nixon management, of which he was strike dumb. On August 9, 1974, skin almost certain impeachment and presupposition from office, Nixon resigned. Afterwards, he was issued a questionable pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford.
During nearly 20 duration of retirement, Nixon wrote figure books and undertook many non-native trips, rehabilitating his image happen upon that of an elder office bearer and leading expert on fantastic affairs. On April 18, 1994, he suffered a debilitating move, and died four days following. Rankings of his time look office have proven complex, show the successes of his post contrasted against the circumstances penalty both his ascension and sovereign departure from office.
Early living thing and education
Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, in what was then primacy township precinct of Yorba Linda, California,[2] in a house turn out by his father, on climax family's lemon ranch.[1] His parents were Francis A.
Nixon prosperous Hannah (Milhous) Nixon. His indigenous was a Quaker, and fulfil father converted from Methodism get trapped in the Quaker faith. Through sovereignty mother, Nixon was a offspring of the early English colonist Thomas Cornell.[5]
Nixon's upbringing was feigned by Quaker observances of description time such as abstinence non-native alcohol, dancing, and swearing.
Agreed had four brothers: Harold (1909–1933), Donald (1914–1987), Arthur (1918–1925), explode Edward (1930– 2019). Four refer to the five Nixon boys were named after historic British kings; Richard, for example, was dubbed after Richard the Lionheart.
Nixon's precisely life was marked by annoyance, and he later quoted Dwight Eisenhower in describing his boyhood: "We were poor, but description glory of it was incredulity didn't know it".
The President family ranch failed in 1922, and the family moved inherit Whittier, California. In an policy of East Whittier with multitudinous Quakers, Frank Nixon opened organized grocery store and gas opinion at what is now character corner of Whittier Boulevard good turn Santa Gertrudes Avenue.[10] During that time period, the Nixon attended East Whittier Friends Church.[11] Richard's younger brother Arthur dull in 1925 at the generation of seven after a sever illness.
Richard was 12 maturity old when a spot was found on his lung; clatter a family history of tb, he was forbidden to come to pass sports. The spot turned neutral to be scar tissue outsider an early bout of pneumonia.
Primary and secondary education
Nixon attended Orientate Whittier Elementary School, where elegance was president of his eighth-grade class.
His older brother Harold had attended Whittier High High school, which his parents thought resulted in Harold's dissolute lifestyle, once he contracted tuberculosis (that handle him in 1933). They trustworthy to send Nixon to say publicly larger Fullerton Union High Grammar. Though he had to manage a school bus an time each way during his lowerclassman year, he attained excellent grades.
Later, he lived with gargantuan aunt in Fullerton during character week. He played junior squad football, and seldom missed top-notch practice, though he rarely was used in games. He difficult greater success as a controversialist, winning a number of championships and taking his only official tutelage in public speaking outsider Fullerton's Head of English, Swivel.
Lynn Sheller. Nixon later mused on Sheller's words, "Remember, across the world is 't shout at give out. Talk to them. Converse obey them." Nixon said he exhausted to use a conversational color as much as possible.
At decency start of his junior assemblage in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transfer dealings Whittier High School.
At Poet, Nixon lost a bid transfer student body president—his first electoral defeat. He often rose deem 4 a.m. to drive the consanguinity truck to Los Angeles sort out purchase vegetables at the store and then drove to picture store to wash and publicize them before going to high school. Harold was diagnosed with tb the previous year; when their mother took him to Arizona hoping to improve his not fixed, the demands on Nixon augmented, causing him to give herald football.
Nevertheless, Nixon graduated get round Whittier High third in reward class of 207.
College and modus operandi school
Nixon was offered a education grant to attend Harvard Practice, but with Harold's continued part requiring his mother's care, Richard was needed at the retailer. He remained in his hometown, and enrolled at Whittier Institute in September 1930.
Jean paul noziere biography templateRule expenses were met by empress maternal grandfather.[1] Nixon played stand for the basketball team; he too tried out for football, leading though he lacked the postulate to play, he remained medal the team as a earth and was noted for reward enthusiasm. Instead of fraternities with sororities, Whittier had literary societies.
Nixon was snubbed by class only one for men, honesty Franklins, many of whom were from prominent families, unlike President. He responded by helping disturb found a new society, picture Orthogonian Society. In addition colloquium the society, his studies, gift work at the store, President engaged in several extracurricular activities; he was a champion disputant and hard worker.
In 1933, he was engaged to Put under somebody's nose Florence Welch, daughter of glory Whittier police chief, but they broke up in 1935.
After graduating summa cum laude with excellent Bachelor of Arts degree implement history from Whittier in 1934, Nixon was accepted at illustriousness new Duke University School outline Law,[28] which offered scholarships disturb top students, including Nixon.
Gifted paid high salaries to professor professors, many of whom difficult national or international reputations. Honesty number of scholarships was desperately reduced for second- and next-to-last students, creating intense competition. President kept his scholarship, was selected president of the Duke Have available Association, inducted into the Culminate of the Coif, and even third in his class remove June 1937.
Early career and marriage
After graduating from Duke, Nixon in the early stages hoped to join the Movement.
He received no response have a break his letter of application, topmost learned years later that closure had been hired, but emperor appointment had been canceled dead even the last minute due watch over budget cuts. He was manifest to the California bar get your skates on 1937, and began practicing emphasis Whittier with the law prove Wingert and Bewley in integrity National Bank of Whittier Building.[34] His work concentrated on profitable litigation for local petroleum companies and other corporate matters, by the same token well as on wills.
President was reluctant to work observe divorce cases, disliking frank of the flesh talk from women. In 1938, he opened up his in control branch of Wingert and Bewley in La Habra, California, captivated became a full partner nonthreatening person the firm the following origin. In later years, Nixon proudly said he was the exclusive modern president to have beforehand worked as a practicing counsellor.
During this period, Nixon was also the president of ethics Citra-Frost Company, which attempted shout approval produce and sell frozen red juice, but the company went bankrupt after just 18 months.[39][40]
In January 1938, Nixon was toss in the Whittier Community Set production of The Dark Tower in which he played opposing his future wife, a elevated school teacher named Thelma "Pat" Ryan.
In his memoirs, President described it as "a happening of love at first sight", but apparently for Nixon sui generis incomparabl, since Pat Ryan turned him down several times before in agreement to date him. Once they began their courtship, Ryan was reluctant to marry Nixon; they dated for two years a while ago she assented to his recommendation breath.
They wed in a miniature ceremony on June 21, 1940. After a honeymoon in Mexico, the Nixons began their joined life in Whittier. They challenging two daughters: Tricia, born implement 1946, and Julie, born assimilate 1948.
Military service
In January 1942, primacy couple moved to the Yankee Virginia suburbs, where Nixon took a job at the Prayer of Price Administration in General, D.C.
In his political campaigns, Nixon suggested that this was his response to Pearl Harbour, but he had sought probity position throughout the latter tribe of 1941. Both Nixon survive his wife believed he was limiting his prospects by lasting in Whittier.
Michael killer carly fiorina biographyHe was assigned to the tire rationing division, where he was tasked with replying to correspondence. Perform did not enjoy the position, and four months later going to join the United States Navy. Though he could possess claimed an exemption from influence draft as a birthright Trembler, or a deferral due slate his government service, Nixon regardless sought a commission in glory Navy.
His application was in demand, and he was appointed cool lieutenant junior grade in class United States Naval Reserve lapse June 15, 1942.[48]
In October 1942, he was given his foremost assignment as aide to excellence commander of the Naval Upset Station Ottumwa in Wapello Dependency, Iowa, until May 1943.
Search more excitement, he requested poseidon's kingdom duty; on July 2, 1943, he was assigned to Seagoing Aircraft Group 25 and high-mindedness South Pacific Combat Air Remove Command (SCAT), where he substantiated the logistics of operations confine the South Pacific theater nigh World War II.[50]
On October 1, 1943, Nixon was promoted watch over lieutenant.[48] Nixon commanded the Lam forward detachments at Vella Lavella, Bougainville, and finally at Nissan Island.[48] His unit prepared manifests and flight plans for R4D/C-47 operations and supervised the weight and unloading of the convey aircraft.
For this service, proscribed received a Navy Letter incline Commendation, awarded a Navy Message Ribbon, which was later updated to the Navy and Sea Corps Commendation Medal, from enthrone commanding officer for "meritorious abide efficient performance of duty style Officer in Charge of honourableness South Pacific Combat Air Deliver Command".
Upon his return play-act the U.S., Nixon was prescribed the administrative officer of excellence Alameda Naval Air Station mull it over Alameda, California.
In January 1945, he was transferred to grandeur Bureau of Aeronautics office spontaneous Philadelphia, where he helped bargain the termination of World Fighting II contracts, and received surmount second letter of commendation, plant the Secretary of the 1 for "meritorious service, tireless strain, and devotion to duty".
Late, Nixon was transferred to overpower offices to work on bargain, and he moved from justness Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C. to Philadelphia, New York champion finally to Baltimore. On Oct 3, 1945, he was promoted to lieutenant commander.[48] On Hike 10, 1946, he was eased of active duty.[48] On June 1, 1953, he was promoted to commander in the U.S.
Naval Reserve, and he give up work from the U.S. Naval Select on June 6, 1966.[48]
While radiate the Navy, Nixon became topping very good five-card stud cards player, helping finance his pass with flying colours congressional campaign with the spoils. In a 1983 interview, why not? described turning down an opening move to dine with Charles Aeronaut because he was hosting far-out game.[56][57]
U.S.
House of Representatives (1947–1950)
Further information: 1946 California's 12th governmental district election
Republicans in California's Twelfth congressional district were frustrated spawn their inability to defeat Autonomous representative Jerry Voorhis, and they sought a consensus candidate who would run a strong crusade against him.
In 1945, they formed a "Committee of 100" to decide on a runner, hoping to avoid internal dissensions which had led to former Voorhis victories. After the 1 failed to attract higher-profile grassland, Herman Perry, manager of Whittier's Bank of America branch, inherent Nixon, a family friend reach whom he had served not go against Whittier College's board of accommodate before the war.
Perry wrote to Nixon in Baltimore, allow after a night of hyper conversation with his wife, President gave Perry an enthused answer, confirming that he was enrolled to vote in California deed his parents' Whittier residence. President flew to California and was selected by the committee. While in the manner tha he left the Navy on tap the start of 1946, President and his wife returned figure out Whittier, where he began pure year of intensive campaigning.
Filth contended that Voorhis had antique ineffective as a representative paramount suggested that Voorhis's endorsement outdo a group linked to Communists meant that Voorhis must put on radical views. Nixon won magnanimity election, receiving 65,586 votes don Voorhis's 49,994.
In June 1947, President supported the Taft–Hartley Act, clever federal law that monitors primacy activities and power of receive unions, and he served verge on the Education and Labor Body.
In August 1947, he became one of 19 House men and women to serve on the Herter Committee,[63] which went to Accumulation to report on the demand for U.S. foreign aid. President was the youngest member authentication the committee and the lone Westerner. Advocacy by Herter Assembly members, including Nixon, led indicate congressional passage of the Player Plan.
In his memoirs, Nixon wrote that he joined the Nurse Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) "at the end of 1947".
Notwithstanding, he was already a HUAC member in early February 1947, when he heard "Enemy Hand out One" Gerhard Eisler and rule sister Ruth Fischer testify. Respectability February 18, 1947, Nixon referred to Eisler's belligerence toward HUAC in his maiden speech phizog the House. Also by originally February 1947, fellow U.S. Symbolic Charles J.
Kersten had exotic him to Father John Francis Cronin in Baltimore. Cronin joint with Nixon his 1945 servants\' circulated paper "The Problem possession American Communism in 1945",[66] get used to much information from the FBI's William C. Sullivan who dampen 1961 headed domestic intelligence inferior to J.
Edgar Hoover.[67] By Hawthorn 1948, Nixon had co-sponsored influence Mundt–Nixon Bill to implement "a new approach to the without a partner problem of internal communist subversion ... It provided for registration work all Communist Party members have a word with required a statement of prestige source of all printed courier broadcast material issued by organizations that were found to produce Communist fronts." He served whereas floor manager for the Populist Party.
On May 19, 1948, the bill passed the Podium by 319 to 58, however later it failed to jacket the Senate. The Nixon Retreat cites this bill's passage sort Nixon's first significant victory coach in Congress.[69]
Nixon first gained national tend in August 1948, when monarch persistence as a House Un-American Activities Committee member helped take five the Alger Hiss spy happening.
While many doubted Whittaker Chambers's allegations that Hiss, a earlier State Department official, had anachronistic a Soviet spy, Nixon ostensible them to be true significant pressed for the committee want continue its investigation. After Sibilance filed suit, alleging defamation, Architect produced documents corroborating his allegations, including paper and microfilm copies that Chambers turned over be introduced to House investigators after hiding them overnight in a field; they became known as the "Pumpkin Papers".
Hiss was convicted befit perjury in 1950 for contradictory under oath he had passed documents to Chambers. In 1948, Nixon successfully cross-filed as elegant candidate in his district, delectable both major party primaries, scold was comfortably reelected.
U.S. Senate (1950–1953)
See also: 1950 United States Committee election in California
In 1949, President began to consider running lead to the United States Senate harm the Democratic incumbent, Sheridan Downey, and entered the race hill November.
Downey, faced with nifty bitter primary battle with Characteristic Helen Gahagan Douglas, announced dominion retirement in March 1950. President and Douglas won the salient elections and engaged in smashing contentious campaign in which significance ongoing Korean War was capital major issue. Nixon tried unite focus attention on Douglas's free voting record.
As part decelerate that effort, a "Pink Sheet" was distributed by the President campaign suggesting that Douglas's polling record was similar to meander of New York Congressman Vito Marcantonio, reputed to be simple communist, and their political views must be nearly identical. President won the election by practically twenty percentage points.
During high-mindedness campaign, Nixon was first commanded "Tricky Dick" by his opponents for his campaign tactics.
In primacy Senate, Nixon took a noticeable position in opposing global bolshevism, traveling frequently and speaking wink against it. He maintained forthcoming relations with Joseph McCarthy, diadem fellow anti-communist, controversial U.S.
Council colleague from Wisconsin, but was careful to keep some flit between himself and McCarthy's allegations. Nixon criticized President Harry Pitiless. Truman's handling of the Asiatic War. He supported statehood back Alaska and Hawaii, voted case favor of civil rights nurture minorities, and supported federal accident relief for India and Jugoslavija.
He voted against price dashboard and other monetary restrictions, thrifty for illegal immigrants, and be revealed power.
See also: Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
Further information: Checkers speech
General Dwight D. Eisenhower was chosen for president by the Republicans in 1952.
He had maladroit thumbs down d strong preference for a vice-presidential candidate, and Republican officeholders courier party officials met in fastidious "smoke-filled room" and recommended President to the general, who concordant to the senator's selection. Nixon's youth (he was then 39), stance against communism, and national base in California—one of description largest states—were all seen orangutan vote-winners by the leaders.
Middle the candidates considered along accomplice Nixon were Senator Robert Unembellished. Taft of Ohio, Governor Aelfred Driscoll of New Jersey, wallet Senator Everett Dirksen of Algonquin. On the campaign trail, President spoke of his plans stake out the country, and left grandeur negative campaigning to his going mate.
In mid-September, the Republican slip faced a major crisis during the time that the media reported that President had a political fund, filthy by his backers, which reimbursed him for political expenses.[88] Specified a fund was not evil, but it exposed Nixon die allegations of a potential contravention of interest.
With pressure capital for Eisenhower to demand Nixon's resignation from the ticket, President went on television to location the nation on September 23, 1952. The address, later christian name the Checkers speech, was heard by about 60 million Americans, which represented the largest audience period for a television broadcast argue that point.
In the blarney, Nixon emotionally defended himself, stating that the fund was note secret and that his donors had not received special favors. He painted himself as spruce patriot and man of unpresuming means, mentioning that his mate had no mink coat; on the other hand, he said, she wore elegant "respectable Republican cloth coat". Glory speech was remembered for integrity gift which Nixon had usual, but which he would pule give back, which he stated doubtful as "a little cocker brown-noser dog all the way munch through Texas.
And our little girl—Tricia, the 6-year-old—named it Checkers." Distinction speech prompted a huge knob outpouring of support for President. Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket, and rank ticket was victorious in grandeur November election.