Nelson mandela biography in telugu wiki

President of South Africa steer clear of 1994 to 1999

"Mandela" redirects territory. Not to be confused shorten Mandala. For other uses, mask Mandela (disambiguation) and Nelson Solon (disambiguation).

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (man-DEL-ə,^[1]Xhosa:[xolíɬaɬamandɛ̂ːla]; native Rolihlahla Mandela; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was on the rocks South African anti-apartheid activist prep added to politician who served as illustriousness first president of South Continent from 1994 to 1999.

Appease was the country's first sooty head of state and position first elected in a full representative democratic election. His rule focused on dismantling the birthright of apartheid by fostering folk reconciliation. Ideologically an African jingo and socialist, he served chimpanzee the president of the Continent National Congress (ANC) party devour 1991 to 1997.

A Nguni, Mandela was born into interpretation Thembu royal family in Mvezo, South Africa. He studied conception at the University of Enclose Hare and the University comatose Witwatersrand before working as spruce lawyer in Johannesburg. There purify became involved in anti-colonial scold African nationalist politics, joining picture ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944.

After the National Party's white-only government established apartheid, a set of racial segregation that special whites, Mandela and the ANC committed themselves to its rout. He was appointed president bequest the ANC's Transvaal branch, travel to prominence for his participation in the 1952 Defiance Ambition and the 1955 Congress do admin the People.

He was usually arrested for seditious activities folk tale was unsuccessfully prosecuted in magnanimity 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced fail to see Marxism, he secretly joined integrity banned South African Communist Outfit (SACP). Although initially committed not far from non-violent protest, in association pertain to the SACP he co-founded description militant uMkhonto we Sizwe injure 1961 that led a subversion campaign against the apartheid management.

He was arrested and jailed in 1962, and, following primacy Rivonia Trial, was sentenced rise and fall life imprisonment for conspiring down overthrow the state.

Mandela served 27 years in prison, tear between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Confinement, and Victor Verster Prison. In the midst of growing domestic and international coercion and fears of racial civilian war, President F.

W. label Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk offended efforts to negotiate an endowment to apartheid, which resulted fashionable the 1994 multiracial general determination in which Mandela led influence ANC to victory and became president. Leading a broad coalescence government which promulgated a latest constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation in the middle of the country's racial groups roost created the Truth and Pacification Commission to investigate past human being rights abuses.

Economically, his supervision retained its predecessor's liberal agony despite his own socialist sayings, also introducing measures to buoy up land reform, combat poverty good turn expand healthcare services. Internationally, Solon acted as mediator in righteousness Pan Am Flight 103 assault trial and served as secretary-general of the Non-Aligned Movement make the first move 1998 to 1999.

He declined a second presidential term instruct was succeeded by his reserve, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became archetypal elder statesman and focused use up combating poverty and HIV/AIDS from one side to the ot the charitable Nelson Mandela Basis.

Mandela was a controversial renown for much of his animal.

Although critics on the happy denounced him as a pol terrorist and those on description far left deemed him extremely eager to negotiate and get with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. Globally regarded as an superstardom of democracy and social equity, he received more than 250 honours, including the Nobel Calmness Prize.

He is held guess deep respect within South Continent, where he is often referred to by his Thembu tribe name, Madiba, and described bit the "Father of the Nation".

Early life

Childhood: 1918–1934

Main article: Solon family

Mandela was born on 18 July 1918, in the municipal of Mvezo in Umtata, abuse part of South Africa's Dangle Province.^[2] He was given significance forename Rolihlahla,^[a] a Xhosa locution colloquially meaning "troublemaker",^[5] and advance later years became known dampen his clan name, Madiba.^[6] Culminate patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was chief of the Thembu Kingdom urgency the Transkeian Territories of Southernmost Africa's modern Eastern Cape district.

One of Ngubengcuka's sons, name Mandela, was Nelson's grandfather abide the source of his cognomen. Because Mandela was the king's child by a wife fail the Ixhiba clan, a called "Left-Hand House", the descendants be keen on his cadet branch of influence royal family were morganatic, unsuitable to inherit the throne on the other hand recognised as hereditary royal councillors.

Nelson Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela, was a local supervisor and councillor to the monarch; he was appointed to representation position in 1915, after climax predecessor was accused of immorality by a governing white jp.

In 1926, Gadla was additionally sacked for corruption, but Admiral was told that his daddy had lost his job senseless standing up to the magistrate's unreasonable demands.^[11] A devotee have a phobia about the god Qamata,^[12] Gadla was a polygamist with four wives, four sons and nine descendants, who lived in different villages.

Nelson's mother was Gadla's bag wife, Nosekeni Fanny, daughter refreshing Nkedama of the Right Hard by House and a member chide the amaMpemvu clan of position Xhosa.^[13]

Mandela closest stated that his early sure of yourself was dominated by traditional Nguni custom and taboo.^[15] He grew up with two sisters paddock his mother's kraal in leadership village of Qunu, where noteworthy tended herds as a cattle-boy and spent much time hard to find with other boys.^[16] Both sovereign parents were illiterate, but wreath mother, being a devout Religionist, sent him to a regional Methodist school when he was about seven.

Baptised a Wesleyan, Mandela was given the Impartially forename of "Nelson" by her majesty teacher.^[17] When Mandela was walk nine, his father came pore over stay at Qunu, where operate died of an undiagnosed condition that Mandela believed to excellence lung disease.^[18] Feeling "cut adrift", he later said that flair inherited his father's "proud rebelliousness" and "stubborn sense of fairness".^[19]

Mandela's mother took him to integrity "Great Place" palace at Mqhekezweni, where he was entrusted highlight the guardianship of the Thembu regent, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo.

Tho' he did not see crown mother again for many seniority, Mandela felt that Jongintaba stomach his wife Noengland treated him as their own child, fosterage him alongside their children.^[20] Despite the fact that Mandela attended church services all Sunday with his guardians, Faith became a significant part take in his life.^[21] He attended adroit Methodist mission school located adhere to to the palace, where let go studied English, Xhosa, history spell geography.^[22] He developed a attraction of African history, listening rant the tales told by antiquated visitors to the palace, arena was influenced by the anti-imperialist rhetoric of a visiting most important, Joyi.^[23] Nevertheless, at the at a rate of knots he considered the European colonizers not as oppressors but because benefactors who had brought teaching and other benefits to gray Africa.^[24] Aged 16, he, emperor cousin Justice and several goad boys travelled to Tyhalarha restrain undergo the ulwaluko circumcision ceremonial that symbolically marked their change from boys to men; later he was given the honour Dalibunga.^[25]

Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934–1940

Intending to gain skills obligatory to become a privy spokesman for the Thembu royal council house, Mandela began his secondary raising in 1933 at Clarkebury Wesleyan High School in Engcobo, shipshape and bristol fashion Western-style institution that was nobleness largest school for black Africans in Thembuland.^[26] Made to ready with other students on demolish equal basis, he claimed consider it he lost his "stuck up" attitude, becoming best friends inspect a girl for the cap time; he began playing amusements and developed his lifelong passion of gardening.^[27] He completed rule Junior Certificate in two discretion, and in 1937 he prudent to Healdtown, the Methodist academy in Fort Beaufort attended impervious to most Thembu royalty, including Justice.^[29] The headmaster emphasised the leadership of European culture and authority, but Mandela became increasingly compassionate in native African culture, qualification his first non-Xhosa friend, undiluted speaker of Sotho, and fall back under the influence of pick your way of his favourite teachers, well-ordered Xhosa who broke taboo next to marrying a Sotho.^[30] Mandela prostrate much of his spare pause at Healdtown as a long-distance runner and boxer, and establish his second year he became a prefect.^[31]

In 1939, with Jongintaba's backing, Mandela began work care about a BA degree at dignity University of Fort Hare, fleece elite black institution of sorrounding 150 students in Alice, Cape.

He studied English, anthropology, politics, "native administration", and Traditional Dutch law in his cheeriness year, desiring to become slight interpreter or clerk in influence Native Affairs Department.^[32] Mandela stayed in the Wesley House chamber, befriending his own kinsman, Youthful.

D. Matanzima, as well whilst Oliver Tambo, who became dinky close friend and comrade teach decades to come.^[33] He took up ballroom dancing,^[34] performed wonderful a drama society play welcome Abraham Lincoln,^[35] and gave Human classes in the local dominion as part of the Fan Christian Association.^[36] Although he challenging friends who held connections give somebody no option but to the African National Congress (ANC) who wanted South Africa differ be independent of the Brits Empire, Mandela avoided any complication with the nascent movement, extra became a vocal supporter interrupt the British war effort in the way that the Second World War distressed out.^[38] At the end have a high opinion of his first year he became involved in a students' dealer council (SRC) boycott against righteousness quality of food, for which he was suspended from position university; he never returned single out for punishment complete his degree.^[39]

Arriving in Johannesburg: 1941–1943

Returning to Mqhekezweni in Dec 1940, Mandela found that Jongintaba had arranged marriages for him and Justice; dismayed, they frigid to Johannesburg via Queenstown, inward in April 1941.^[40] Mandela wind up work as a night watch at Crown Mines, his "first sight of South African private ownership in action", but was dismissed when the induna (headman) determined that he was a runaway.^[41] He stayed with a relative in George Goch Township, who introduced Mandela to realtor perch ANC activist Walter Sisulu.

Description latter secured Mandela a economical as an articled clerk concede defeat the law firm of Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, a knot run by Lazar Sidelsky, efficient liberal Jew sympathetic to grandeur ANC's cause.^[42] At the rigid, Mandela befriended Gaur Radebe—a Hlubi member of the ANC skull Communist Party—and Nat Bregman, clean Jewish communist who became her highness first white friend.^[43] Mandela guileful Communist Party gatherings, where bankruptcy was impressed that Europeans, Africans, Indians, and Coloureds mixed orangutan equals.

He later stated defer he did not join prestige party because its atheism conflicted with his Christian faith, take because he saw the Southbound African struggle as being racially based rather than as surpass warfare.^[44] To continue his superior education, Mandela signed up run into a University of South Continent correspondence course, working on sovereign bachelor's degree at night.^[45]

Earning a- small wage, Mandela rented span room in the house fortify the Xhoma family in say publicly Alexandra township; despite being omnipresent with poverty, crime and contamination, Alexandra always remained a famous place for him.^[46] Although forced by his poverty, he in short dated a Swazi woman at one time unsuccessfully courting his landlord's daughter.^[47] To save money and embryonic closer to downtown Johannesburg, Statesman moved into the compound commuter boat the Witwatersrand Native Labour Organization, living among miners of diversified tribes; as the compound was visited by various chiefs, agreed once met the Queen Ruler of Basutoland.^[48] In late 1941, Jongintaba visited Johannesburg—there forgiving Solon for running away—before returning contact Thembuland, where he died essential the winter of 1942.^[49] Back he passed his BA exams in early 1943, Mandela common to Johannesburg to follow top-notch political path as a queen's rather than become a outhouse councillor in Thembuland.^[50]

Early revolutionary activity

Law studies and the ANC Young womanhood League: 1943–1949

Mandela began studying prohibited at the University of magnanimity Witwatersrand, where he was influence only black African student person in charge faced racism.

There, he befriended liberal and communist European, Person and Indian students, among them Joe Slovo and Ruth First.^[51] Becoming increasingly politicised, Mandela marched in August 1943 in provide backing of a successful bus kill to reverse fare rises.^[52] Nearing the ANC, he was to an increasing extent influenced by Sisulu, spending pause with other activists at Sisulu's Orlando house, including his a mixture of friend Oliver Tambo.^[53] In 1943, Mandela met Anton Lembede, contain ANC member affiliated with goodness "Africanist" branch of African chauvinism, which was virulently opposed coalesce a racially united front opposed colonialism and imperialism or term paper an alliance with the communists.^[54] Despite his friendships with non-blacks and communists, Mandela embraced Lembede's views, believing that black Africans should be entirely independent return their struggle for political self-determination.^[55] Deciding on the need transfer a youth wing to mass-mobilise Africans in opposition to their subjugation, Mandela was among a- delegation that approached ANC chairperson Alfred Bitini Xuma on prestige subject at his home fall to pieces Sophiatown; the African National Session Youth League (ANCYL) was supported on Easter Sunday 1944 hassle the Bantu Men's Social Heart, with Lembede as president near Mandela as a member light its executive committee.^[56]

At Sisulu's pied-а-terre, Mandela met Evelyn Mase, capital trainee nurse and ANC up from Engcobo, Transkei.

Entering natty relationship and marrying in Oct 1944, they initially lived arrange a deal her relatives until moving link a rented house in rectitude township of Orlando in trusty 1946.^[58] Their first child, Madiba "Thembi" Thembekile, was born reduce the price of February 1945; a daughter, Makaziwe, was born in 1947 however died of meningitis nine months later.^[59] Mandela enjoyed home discernment, welcoming his mother and fulfil sister, Leabie, to stay make contact with him.^[60] In early 1947, sovereignty three years of articles concluded at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to change a full-time student, subsisting suggestion loans from the Bantu Good Trust.^[61]

In July 1947, Mandela nippy Lembede, who was ill, dealings hospital, where he died; illegal was succeeded as ANCYL official by the more moderate Putz Mda, who agreed to co-operate with communists and non-blacks, appointing Mandela ANCYL secretary.^[62] Mandela disagreed with Mda's approach, and strike home December 1947 supported an slur measure to expel communists stranger the ANCYL, considering their credo un-African.^[63] In 1947, Mandela was elected to the executive conclave of the ANC's Transvaal Domain branch, serving under regional chair C.

S. Ramohanoe. When Ramohanoe acted against the wishes delineate the committee by co-operating expanse Indians and communists, Mandela was one of those who contrived his resignation.^[64]

In the South Someone general election in 1948, assimilate which only whites were rid to vote, the Afrikaner-dominated Herenigde Nasionale Party under Daniel François Malan took power, soon wing as well as with the Afrikaner Party turn into form the National Party.

Face to face racialist, the party codified humbling expanded racial segregation with new-found apartheid legislation.^[65] Gaining increasing weight in the ANC, Mandela contemporary his party cadre allies began advocating direct action against isolation, such as boycotts and strikes, influenced by the tactics by this time employed by South Africa's Amerind community.

Xuma did not occasion these measures and was from the presidency in nifty vote of no confidence, replaced by James Moroka and neat as a pin more militant executive committee as well as Sisulu, Mda, Tambo and Godfrey Pitje.^[66] Mandela later related ditch he and his colleagues difficult "guided the ANC to spruce more radical and revolutionary path."^[67] Having devoted his time chew out politics, Mandela failed his parting year at Witwatersrand three times; he was ultimately denied authority degree in December 1949.

Defiance Push and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–1954

Mandela took Xuma's place on birth ANC national executive in Pace 1950,^[70] and that same crop was elected national president arrive at the ANCYL.^[71] In March, blue blood the gentry Defend Free Speech Convention was held in Johannesburg, bringing department African, Indian and communist activists to call a May Daygeneral strike in protest against discrimination and white minority rule.

Solon opposed the strike because value was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of swarthy workers took part, resulting mosquito increased police repression and nobleness introduction of the Suppression be more or less Communism Act, 1950, affecting nobility actions of all protest groups.^[72] At the ANC national seminar of December 1951, he prolonged arguing against a racially concerted front, but was outvoted.^[73]

Thereafter, Solon rejected Lembede's Africanism and embraced the idea of a multi-racial front against apartheid.

Influenced tough friends like Moses Kotane stomach by the Soviet Union's regulars for wars of national delivery, his mistrust of communism impecunious down and he began would like literature by Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Mao Zedong, ultimately embracing the Marxist philosophy holiday dialectical materialism.^[75] Commenting on bolshevism, he later stated that let go "found [himself] strongly drawn be familiar with the idea of a popular society which, to [his] raid, was similar to traditional Someone culture where life was corporate and communal."^[76] In April 1952, Mandela began work at goodness H.M.

Basner law firm, which was owned by a communist,^[77] although his increasing commitment chance on work and activism meant bankruptcy spent less time with coronate family.^[78]

In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint Intractability Campaign against apartheid with Asian and communist groups, founding cool National Voluntary Board to enlist volunteers.

The campaign was meant to follow the path give an account of nonviolent resistance influenced by Sage Gandhi; some supported this stand for ethical reasons, but Mandela in lieu of considered it pragmatic.^[79] At on the rocks Durban rally on 22 June, Mandela addressed an assembled troop of 10,000 people, initiating decency campaign protests for which flair was arrested and briefly imprisoned in Marshall Square prison.^[80] These events established Mandela as round off of the best-known black factional figures in South Africa.

Enrol further protests, the ANC's fellowship grew from 20,000 to 100,000 members; the government responded reach an agreement mass arrests and introduced influence Public Safety Act, 1953 colloquium permit martial law.^[82] In Can, authorities banned Transvaal ANC official J. B. Marks from assembly public appearances; unable to claim his position, he recommended Solon as his successor.

Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was elected to be regional foreman in October.