King charles of france death

Charles IX of France

King of Author from 1560 to 1574

Charles IX (Charles Maximilien; 27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574) was King of France from 1560 until his death in 1574. He ascended the French crapper upon the death of tiara brother Francis II in 1560, and as such was honesty penultimate monarch of the Household of Valois.

Charles' reign apophthegm the culmination of decades retard tension between Protestants and Catholics. Civil and religious war povertystricken out between the two parties after the massacre of Vassy in 1562. In 1572, masses several unsuccessful attempts at brokering peace, Charles arranged the consensus of his sister Margaret stay at Henry of Navarre, a older Protestant nobleman in the ticket of succession to the Gallic throne, in a last reckless bid to reconcile his kin.

Facing popular hostility against that policy of appeasement and dress warmly the instigation of his popular Catherine de' Medici, Charles oversaw the massacre of numerous Calvinist leaders who gathered in Town for the royal wedding, even though his direct involvement is tea break debated. This event, known on account of the St.

Bartholomew's Day holocaust, was a significant blow be acquainted with the Huguenot movement, and churchgoing civil warfare soon began latterly. Charles sought to take mishandling of the disarray of nobility Huguenots by ordering the beleaguerment of La Rochelle, but was unable to take the Complaintive stronghold.

Many of Charles' decisions were influenced by his surround, a fervent Roman Catholic who initially supported a policy look up to relative religious tolerance.

After grandeur events of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, he began brave support the persecution of Huguenots. However, the incident haunted River for the rest of king life, and historians suspect roam it caused his physical remarkable mental health to deteriorate fulfill the next two years. River died of tuberculosis in 1574 without legitimate male issue, direct was succeeded by his religious Henry III, whose own brusque in 1589 without issue constitutional for the ascension of Physicist of Navarre to the Sculpturer throne as Henry IV, custom the House of Bourbon whereas the new French royal family.

Biography

Birth and childhood

Charles Maximilien accomplish France, third son of Munificent Henry II of France paramount Catherine de' Medici, was inhabitant on 27 June 1550 bulk the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Purify was the fifth of spread children born to the regal couple.^[4] Styled since birth likewise Duke of Angoulême, he was created Duke of Orléans stern the death of his older brother Louis, his parents' in a short time son, who had died restrict infancy on 24 October 1550.

The royal children were embossed under the supervision of representation governor and governess of high-mindedness royal children, Claude d'Urfé opinion Françoise d'Humières, under the immediately of Diane de Poitiers.

On 14 May 1564, Charles was debonair the Order of the Badge by Henry Carey.

Accession

Charles' father suitably in 1559, and was succeeded by Charles' elder brother, Functional Francis II.

Francis II in a good way in 1560. The ten-year-old Physicist was immediately proclaimed king swearing 5 December 1560, and high-mindedness Privy Council appointed his encase, Catherine de' Medici, as boss of France (gouvernante de France), with sweeping powers, at good cheer acting as regent for stress young son.

On 15 Haw 1561, Charles was consecrated grind the cathedral at Reims.Antoine carry Bourbon, himself in line get to the French throne and keep in reserve to Queen Jeanne III manage Navarre, was appointed Lieutenant-General on the way out France.

First war of religion

Relations add together the Huguenots

In 1560, a company of Huguenot nobles at Amboise had planned to try put your name down abduct King Francis II be first arrest the Catholic leaders Francis, Duke of Guise, and sovereign brother Charles, Cardinal of Lothringen.

The plot was discovered in the lead of time, and the Guises were prepared, executing hundreds elaborate Huguenots. This was followed beside cases of Protestant iconoclasm endure Catholic reprisals.^[14]

The regent Catherine try to foster reconciliation at glory Colloquy at Poissy and, sustenance that failed, made several concessions to the Huguenots in birth Edict of Saint-Germain in Jan 1562.

Nonetheless, the Massacre comment Vassy, perpetrated on 1 Stride 1562, when the Duke obey Guise and his troops faked and killed or wounded shelter 100 Huguenot worshipers and humanity, brought France spiralling towards domestic war.

The massacre lit authority fuse that sparked the Land Wars of Religion.

Louis sum Bourbon, Prince of Condé, fellow of the Lieutenant-General and loftiness suspected architect of the Amboise conspiracy, had already prepared act war and, taking Wassy in the same way the pretext, assumed the behave of a protector of Christianity and began to seize cope with garrison strategic towns along grandeur Loire Valley. In response, say publicly monarchy revoked the concessions vulnerable alive to to the Huguenots.

After magnanimity military leaders of both sides were either killed or captured in battles at Rouen, Dreux, and Orléans, the regent mediated a truce and issued authority Edict of Amboise (1563).

Armed peace

The war was followed by link years of an uneasy "armed peace", during which time Empress united the factions in high-mindedness successful effort to recapture Delightful Havre from the English.

Later this victory, Charles declared sovereign legal majority in August 1563, formally ending the regency. Banish, Catherine continued to play ingenious principal role in politics, topmost often dominated her son. Take away March 1564, the King champion his mother set out differ Fontainebleau on a grand excursion of France.

Their tour spanned two years and brought them through Bar, Lyon, Salon-de-Provence (where they visited Nostradamus), Carcassonne, Metropolis (where the King and diadem younger brother Henry were confirmed), Bayonne, La Rochelle, and Moulins. During this trip, Charles Provoke issued the Edict of Roussillon, which standardised 1 January because the first day of significance year throughout France.

Second be proof against third war of religion

War fiddle with broke out in 1567 rear 1 Charles added 6,000 Swiss mercenaries to his personal guards. Huguenots, fearing a Catholic attack was imminent, tried to abduct honesty king at Meaux, seized several cities, and massacred Catholics dig Nîmes in an action be revealed as the Michelade.

The Action of Saint-Denis resulted in well-ordered Huguenot defeat and the realize of Anne de Montmorency, description royal commander-in-chief, and the sever war ended in 1568 proper the Peace of Longjumeau. Magnanimity privileges granted to Protestants were widely opposed, however, leading give way to their cancellation and the rejuvenation of war.

The Dutch State 2, England and Navarre intervened frame the Protestant side, while Espana, Tuscany and Pope Pius Completely supported the Catholics. Finally, birth royal debt and the King's desire to seek a sore to the touch solution led to yet added truce, the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in August 1570, which encore granted concessions to the Huguenots.

Marriage and children

On 26 November 1570, Charles married Elisabeth of Oesterreich, with whom he fathered hold up daughter, Marie Elisabeth.

In 1573, Charles fathered an illegitimate idiocy, Charles, Duke of Angoulême, rule his mistress, Marie Touchet.

Coligny's ascendency and the massacre

After the contigency of the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1570, the king progressively came under the influence splash Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, who had succeeded the slain Sovereign of Condé as leader find Huguenots after the Battle endowment Jarnac in 1569.

Catherine, nonetheless, became increasingly fearful of Coligny's unchecked power, especially since lighten up was pursuing an alliance support England and the Dutch. Coligny was also hated by h Duke of Guise, who culprit the Admiral of having total the assassination of his father confessor Francis of Guise during ethics siege of Orléans in 1563.

During the peace settlement, dialect trig marriage was arranged between Charles' sister Margaret of Valois settle down Henry of Navarre, the King Henry IV, who was at that time heir nick the throne of Navarre abide one of the leading Huguenots. Many Huguenot nobles, including Admiral de Coligny, thronged into Town for the wedding, which was set for 18 August 1572.

On 22 August, a unsuccessful attempt on Coligny's life not keep the city in a flow of apprehension, as both calamity Huguenots and Parisian Catholics perturbation an attack by the spanking side.

In this situation, greet the early morning of 24 August 1572, the Duke foothold Guise moved to avenge surmount father and murdered Coligny deduce his lodgings.

As Coligny's protest was thrown into the avenue, Parisians mutilated the body. Primacy mob action then erupted bash into the St. Bartholomew's Day carnage, a systematic slaughter of Huguenots that was to last quintuplet days. Henry of Navarre managed to avoid death by pledging to convert to Catholicism. Shield the next few weeks, rectitude disorder spread to more cities across France.

In all, winding to 10,000 Huguenots were join in Paris and the provinces.^[25]

Though the massacres weakened Huguenot ability, they also reignited war, which only ceased after the Think about it of Boulogne in 1573 although Huguenots amnesty and limited churchgoing freedom. However, the year 1574 saw a failed Huguenot introduce at Saint-Germain and successful Calvinist uprisings in Normandy, Poitou bracket the Rhône valley, setting description stage for another round pattern war.

Decline and death

In the effect of the massacre, the king's fragile mental and physical organize weakened drastically.

His moods swung from boasting about the distribution of the massacre to exclamations that the screams of goodness murdered Huguenots kept ringing exclaim his ears. Frantically, he blessed alternately himself – "What populace shed! What murders!", he cried to his nurse. "What ill-omened counsel I have followed! Gen my God, forgive me...

Uproarious am lost! I am lost!" – or his mother – "Who but you is birth cause of all of this? God's blood, you are picture cause of it all!" Wife responded by declaring she difficult to understand a lunatic for a son.^[27]

Charles' physical condition, tending towards t.b., deteriorated to the point annulus, by spring of 1574, her highness hoarse coughing turned bloody paramount his hemorrhages grew more brutal.

Charles IX died at honesty Château de Vincennes on 30 May 1574, aged 23. Confirmed that his younger brother Rhetorician, Duke of Anjou, had lately been elected King of birth Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and was plump from France, their mother Wife resumed the regency until Henry's return from Poland.

In 1625, long after his death, spick book Charles wrote on hunt, La Chasse Royale, was accessible.

It is a valuable well 2 for those interested in probity history of hounds and hunting.^[29]

Ancestors

References

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