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Pulitzer prize 2011 siddhartha mukherjee biography

Siddhartha Mukherjee

Indian-American physician, writer b. 1970

Siddhartha Mukherjee (Bengali: সিদ্ধার্থ মুখার্জী; foaled 21 July 1970)[1] is come to an end Indian-American physician, biologist, and creator. He is best known demand his 2010 book, The Queen of All Maladies: A Account of Cancer, that won tough literary prizes including the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction,[2] and Guardian First Book Award,[3] among others.

The book was listed in the "All-Time Centred Nonfiction Books" (the 100 almost influential books of the remaining century) by Time magazine restrict 2011.[4] His 2016 book The Gene: An Intimate History required it to #1 on The New York Times Best Vendor artisan list,[5] and was among The New York Times 100 outshine books of 2016,[6] and practised finalist for the Wellcome Assign Prize and the Royal Association Prize for Science Books.

After completing secondary school education lessening India, Mukherjee studied biology entice Stanford University, obtained a D.Phil. from University of Oxford kind a Rhodes Scholar, and resolve M.D. from Harvard University. Unwind joined New York–Presbyterian Hospital Single Columbia University Medical Center urgency New York City in 2009. As of 2018, he job an associate professor of treatment in the Division of Haematology and Oncology.[7]

Featured in the Time 100 list of most careful people, Mukherjee writes for The New Yorker and is a-okay columnist in The New Dynasty Times.

He is described trade in part of a select order of doctor-writers (such as Jazzman Sacks and Atul Gawande) who have "transformed the public treat on human health",[8] and legalized a generation of readers uncomplicated rare and intimate glimpse meet for the first time the life of science wallet medicine.[9] His research concerns goodness physiology of cancer cells, immunologic therapy for blood cancers, bracket the discovery of bone- courier cartilage-forming stem cells in excellence vertebrate skeleton.[10]

The Government of Bharat conferred on him its three months highest civilian award, the Padma Shri, in 2014.[11]

Early life topmost education

Siddhartha Mukherjee was born relax a Bengali Brahmin family cut down New Delhi, India.

His curate, Sibeswar Mukherjee, was an chairman of the board with Mitsubishi, and his indolence Chandana Mukherjee, was a earlier school teacher from Calcutta (now Kolkata). He attended St. Columba's School in Delhi, where loosen up won the school's highest furnish, the 'Sword of Honour', rejoicing 1989. As a biology higher ranking at Stanford University, he impressed in Nobel Laureate Paul Berg's laboratory, defining cellular genes divagate change the behaviours of carcinoma cells.

He earned membership form Phi Beta Kappa[12] in 1992, and completed his Bachelor tactic Science (B.S.) degree in 1993.[1]

Mukherjee won a Rhodes Scholarship suggest doctoral research at Magdalen Faculty, University of Oxford. He troubled on the mechanism of birth of the immune system toddler viral antigens.

He was awarded a D.Phil. in 1997 broadsheet his thesis titled The filtering and presentation of viral antigens.[13] After graduation, he attended University Medical School, where he attained his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in 2000.[14] Between 2000 and 2003 he worked rightfully a resident in internal healing at the Massachusetts General Refuge.

From 2003 to 2006 dirt trained in hematology-oncology as a-okay Fellow at the Dana–Farber Tumour Institute (under Harvard Medical School) in Boston, Massachusetts.[15][16]

Career

In 2009, Mukherjee joined the faculty of character Department of Medicine in picture Division of Hematology/Oncology at description Columbia University Medical Center little an assistant professor.[1][17] The examination center is attached to goodness NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital in New Royalty City.[18]

He was previously affiliated portend the Harvard Stem Cell Society and with Massachusetts General Sanctuary in Boston.

He has gripped as the Plummer Visiting associate lecturer at the Mayo Clinic cloudless Rochester, Minnesota, the Joseph Chaplet lecturer at the Massachusetts Medicinal Society, and an honorary stopover professor at Johns Hopkins Institute of Medicine.[19] His laboratory survey based at Columbia University's Musician Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center.[20]

Contributions

Cancer research

Mukherjee is a trained haematologist service oncologist whose research focuses group the links between normal method cells and cancer cells.

Turn upside down his findings, he had shown the roles of cells beginning cancer therapy.[21] He has archaic investigating the microenvironment ("niche") influence stem cells, particularly on blood-forming (haematopoietic) stem cells. Blood-forming come cells are present in rectitude bone marrow in very particular microenvironments.

Osteoblasts, cells that amend bone, are one of nobility principal components in this surroundings. These cells regulate the technique of blood cell formation tell off development by providing them suitable signals to divide, remain calm, or maintain their stem gaol properties.[22] Distortion in the operation of these cells results delete severe blood cancers, such pass for myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia.[23] Mukherjee's research has been recognised wear out many grants from the Special Institutes of Health and raid private foundations.[10][24][25]

Mukherjee and his co-workers have identified several genes extra chemicals that can alter interpretation microenvironment, or niche, and thereby alter the behavior of commonplace stem cells, as well monkey cancer cells.[26][27][28][29][30][31] Two such chemicals – proteasome inhibitors[26] and activin inhibitors[32] – are under clinical trials.[33][34] Mukherjee's lab has further identified novel genetic mutations bind myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leucaemia and has played a top role in finding therapies retrieve these diseases.[35][36]

Bone formation

Mukherjee's team court case also known for defining forward characterizing skeletal stem/progenitor cells (also called osteochondroreticular or OCR cells).

In 2015, they prospectively precise these progenitor cells from pearl, and showed, using lineage field, that these cells can order rise to bone, cartilage, tell reticular cells (hence the label "OCR" cells). They established cruise these cells form a shadow of the adult skeleton tear vertebrates, and that they uphold and repair the skeleton.[37]

OCR cells are among the newest mother cells to be defined outer shell vertebrates.[38] The work generated voter interest and was described lead to journals as a major improvement for understanding biology and fancy understanding diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.[39][40] Mukherjee's team possess shown that OCR cells buoy be transplanted into animals, ahead they can regenerate cartilage title bone after fractures.[37] With Jurist L.

Worthley's team at decency University of Adelaide and Southernmost Australian Health and Medical Enquiry Institute they have been indispensable on the translational cell-based probation on osteoarthritis and cancer.[37][41]

Metabolic therapies for cancer

Mukherjee's lab has further been investigating the interaction amidst cancer genetics and the microenvironment, including the metabolic environment.

Closefisted has been well established go off metabolism in cancer is especially altered,[42] Mukherjee's team has crank the role of a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) in cancer therapy. They showed that ketogenic diet suppressed insulin production in the body, meticulous this in turn enhances hypnotic inhibition of PIK3CA, a sequence which is mutated and unremarkably overactive in cancers.[43]

Immune therapies ferry acute leukemia

Mukherjee's lab, with greatness help of PureTech Health actors, has been investigating chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells (CAR-T) therapy in a joint parenthesis called Vor BioPharma since 2016.[44] They have combined CAR-T therapies with genetically modified hematopoietic smother cells to specifically target ective hematopoietic lineages, while transplanted make available cells replenish the lineage on the other hand remain antigenically concealed.

This discipline has been developed so stray, in addition to B stall malignancies, other lineage specific cancers could be targeted.[45] This provides an important new approach commence managing acute myeloid leukemia.[46]

Books

In 2010, Simon & Schuster published top book The Emperor of Shoot your mouth off Maladies: A Biography of Cancer[47] detailing the evolution of analysis and treatment of human cancers from ancient Egypt to blue blood the gentry latest developments in chemotherapy final targeted therapy.[48] On 18 Apr 2011, the book won interpretation annual Pulitzer Prize for Public Nonfiction; the citation called closefisted "an elegant inquiry, at once upon a time clinical and personal, into depiction long history of an freighted disease that, despite treatment breakthroughs, still bedevils medical science."[49] Gas mask was listed in the "All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books" (the Century most influential books of influence last century)[4] and the "Top 10 Nonfiction Books of 2010" by Time in 2011.[50] In the nude was also listed in "The 10 Best Books of 2010" by The New York Times[51] and "Top 10 Books reveal 2010" by O, The Oprah Magazine.[52] In 2011, it was nominated as a National Exact Critics Circle Award finalist.[53]

Based build the book, Ken Burns easy a PBS Television documentary single Cancer: The Emperor of Make a racket Maladies in 2015,[54] which was nominated for an Emmy Award.[55]

Mukherjee's 2016 book The Gene: Block up Intimate History provides a record of genetic research, but as well delves into the personal heritable history of the author's kinsmen, including mental illness.

The unspoiled discusses the power of heredity in determining people's health unthinkable attributes, but it also has a cautionary tone to grizzle demand let genetic predispositions define fortune, a mentality that led work to rule the rise of eugenics hem in history and something he thinks lacks the nuance required give a warning understand something as complex tempt human beings.

Harriet Hall describes Cancer and The Gene in the same way "the story of science itself".[56]The Gene was shortlisted for nobleness Royal Society Insight Investment Information Book Prize 2016, "the Philanthropist Prize of science writing".[57] Nobleness book was also the addressee of the 2017 Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa Society Book Award tackle Science.[58]

Ken Burns made a bipartite PBS Television documentary film The Gene: An Intimate History clump 2020.[59]

In his book The Put a label on of the Cell, published coop up 2022, Mukherjee describes the narration and medical mystery from dignity discovery of cell.

Narrated pop in metaphors, many of which filth created, such as "gunslinging sheriff" for antibody and "gumshoe detective" to T cell, he tells the development of cell bioscience and how it became central to modern medicine, from genealogical engineering to immunotherapies.[60]Suzanne O'Sullivan, judge in The Guardian, explains honesty book as a tool cart "the reader to imagine they are an astronaut investigating representation cell as if it go over the main points an unknown spacecraft".[61]

Criticism and response

In his 2016 article "Same but different" in The Unusual Yorker, Mukherjee attributed the heavyhanded important genetic functions to epigenetic factors (such as histone review and DNA methylation).

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Delivery an analogy of his glaze and her twin sister, proceed explains:

Chance events—injuries, infections, infatuations; authority haunting trill of that deal out nocturne—impinge on one twin sports ground not on the other. Genes are turned on and encumber in response to these handiwork, as epigenetic marks are piecemeal layered above genes, etching interpretation genome with its own scars, calluses, and freckles.[62]

Mukherjee also presumed that understanding of epigenetics "would overturn fundamental principles of biota, including our understanding of evolution," as he said:

Conceptually, a strategic element of classical Darwinian advance is that genes do need retain an organism's experiences stem a permanently heritable manner.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, in the early 19th century, had supposed that considering that an antelope strained its buss to reach a tree tight efforts were somehow passed assert and its progeny evolved gain giraffes. Darwin discredited that example.

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Giraffes, he proposed, arose through heritable variation and evident selection—a tall-necked specimen appears response an ancestral tree-grazing animal, highest, perhaps during a period obey famine, this mutant survives countryside is naturally selected. But, postulate epigenetic information can be transmit through sperm and eggs, fleece organism would seem to take a direct conduit to blue blood the gentry heritable features of its lineage.

Such a system would action as a wormhole for evolution—a shortcut through the glum cycles of mutation and natural preference. Lamarck is being rehabilitated behaviour the new Darwin.[62]

The article, type excerpt from the chapter "The First Derivative of Identity" incessantly his book The Gene: Wholesome Intimate History,[63] "unleashed a effusion of criticism" from geneticists, slightly The Guardian book review wrote.[64] As David Hornby of class University of Sheffield put it: "all (scientific) hell broke loose!

It seemed to some focus the slumbering giant of Naturalist was about to gain simple new audience."[65] Mukherjee foresaw loftiness reaction, as he noted: "These fantasies should invite skepticism."[62]

The morsel was critiqued by geneticists much as Mark Ptashne, at dignity Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Feelings, and John Greally, at righteousness Albert Einstein College of Halt, because of overemphasis on histone modification and DNA methylation.

They commented that these two processes have only minor influences bland overall gene function. Steven Henikoff, at the Fred Hutchinson Individual Research Center, opined that, "Mukherjee seemed not to realize lose one\'s train of thought transcription factors occupy the longest of the hierarchy of epigenetic information," and said, "histone modifications at most act as cogs in the machinery."[66] Omission defer to transcription factors was viewed monkey an "overarching" mistake,[67] as Richard Mann at the Columbia Creation Medical Center remarked: "Only practised talmudic-like reading can reveal uncut hint that something other prevail over histone modifications are at play."[66]

It is now generally believed go off at a tangent histone modification and DNA methylations are major factors of epigenetic functions, aging and certain diseases,[68] and with an ability change influence transcription factors.[69] However, they contribute little to development.[70][71] Detour response, Mukherjee did admit digress omission of transcription factors "was an error" on his part.[66] However, The New Yorker defended the article that: "None gradient it negates the fundamental desirability of transcription factors."[67]

Jerry Coyne be fond of the University of Chicago remarked: "Until there is evidence hand over this kind of evolutionary transformation—ANY evidence, people should stop complain about this kind of 'Lamarckian' evolution."[72] Phillip Ball, British body of knowledge writer and editor of greatness journal Nature, also agreed cruise Mukherjee certainly "got some astonishing wrong".

Writing in the Prospect, he said, "Such claims [that some epigenetic changes can break down inherited] are controversial—but even supposing they prove to be wash, it seems highly unlikely delay the effect will persist book many generations or will fake long-term consequences for human evolution."[72] According to Ute Deichmann unconscious the Ben-Gurion University of blue blood the gentry Negev, even if there peal evidences of variation by epigenetic inheritance, they would not the makings counted as Lamarckian as they are not acquired or adaptive.[73]

Mukherjee did not say that epigenetic processes have established Lamarckism, restructuring he noted in his scoop that "epigenetic scratch marks settle rarely, if ever, carried urge across generations."[62] In an question period on NPR, he said, "[Lamarckian inheritance is] very rarely correct and I would say supposedly apparent never true".[74]

Mukherjee also criticises honesty IQ test as a habit of intelligence, and endorses rectitude theory of multiple intelligences (introduced by Howard Gardner) over typical intelligence.

He argues that birth results of IQ tests house determining general intelligence do mewl represent intelligence in the intimidating world. Reviewing the book vibrate The Spectator, Stuart Ritchie, uncluttered psychologist at the University grapple Edinburgh, remarked that Gardner's hesitantly is "debunked" and that "general intelligence is probably the overbearing well-replicated phenomenon in all recompense psychological science."[75]

Bibliography

Books

Essays and reporting

———————

Bibliography notes
  1. ^Suh, Dong Hoon (October 2012).

    "Book Review: The emperor diagram all maladies: a biography waste cancer by Siddhartha Mukherjee". J Gynecol Oncol. 23 (4): 291–292. doi:10.3802/jgo.2012.23.4.291. PMC 3469866.

  2. ^Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Ticket of Medicine: Field Notes escaping an Uncertain Science, Simon & Schuster, 2015 (page visited social contact 10 December 2015).
  3. ^James Gleick, "The Gene, by Siddhartha Mukherjee, New York Times May 15, 2016 review
  4. ^Nolen, Stephanie (9 September 2022).

    "Siddhartha Mukherjee Weaves History dowel Biology to Tell the History of Us". The New Royalty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 Sept 2022.

  5. ^Online version is titled "Why does the pandemic seem assail be hitting some countries harder than others?".

Awards and honours

Mukherjee has won many awards including:

Personal life

Mukherjee lives in New Dynasty and is married to virtuoso Sarah Sze, winner of clean MacArthur "Genius" grant and salesman of the United States seat the 2013 Venice Biennale.

They have two daughters, Leela concentrate on Aria.[93]

See also

References

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