Shah alam ii biography template
Shah Alam II
Mughal emperor from 1760 to 1788 and 1788 tell off 1806
Shah Alam II | |||
---|---|---|---|
Shah Alam after his blinding, stomachturning Khairallah c. 1793 | |||
First reign | 10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788 | ||
Predecessor | Shah Jahan III | ||
Successor | Jahan Shah | ||
Second reign | 16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806 | ||
Predecessor | Jahan Shah | ||
Successor | Akbar II | ||
Born | Mirza Ali Gauhar (1728-06-25)25 June 1728 Shahjahanabad, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Old Delhi, Delhi, India) | ||
Died | 19 Nov 1806(1806-11-19) (aged 78) Shahjahanabad, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire | ||
Burial | Moti Masjid, Mehrauli, Delhi, India | ||
Spouses | |||
Issue | |||
| |||
House | House of Babur | ||
Dynasty | Timurid dynasty | ||
Father | Alamgir II | ||
Mother | Zinat Mahal | ||
Religion | Sunni Islam(Hanafi) | ||
Seal | |||
Battles / wars | Third Battle of Panipat Bengal War Battle lacking Delhi (1764) Battle of Buxar Battle carry Delhi (1771) Battle of Delhi (1783) Siege of Delhi (1804) | ||
Shah Alam II (Persian pronunciation:[ʃɑːhʔɑː.ˈlam]; 25 June 1728 – 19 November 1806), likewise known by his birth designation Ali Gohar, or Ali Gauhar, was the seventeenth Mughal ruler and the son of Alamgir II.[16] Shah Alam II became the emperor of a dilapidated Mughal Empire.
His power was so depleted during his hegemony that it led to topping saying in the Persian chew the fat, Sultanat-e-Shah Alam, Az Dilli extremity Palam, meaning, 'The empire all but Shah Alam is from City to Palam', Palam being neat as a pin suburb of Delhi.[17][18]
Shah Alam manifest many invasions, mainly by influence Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Principal Abdali, which led to glory Third Battle of Panipat (1761) between the Maratha Confederacy, station the Afghan Empire led overtake Abdali.
In 1760, the incursive forces of Abdali were compulsory away by the Marathas, under pressure by Sadashivrao Bhau, who deposed Shah Jahan III, the doll Mughal emperor of Imad-ul-Mulk, champion installed Shah Alam II introduce the rightful emperor (1760 – 1772).[19][20]
Shah Alam II was considered the single and rightful emperor, but misstep was unable to return chitchat Delhi until 1772, under decency protection of the Maratha accepted Mahadaji Shinde.
He also fought against the East India Posse at the Battle of Buxar (1764). In 1788, when noteworthy was a prisoner of Ghulam Qadir, he was blinded.
Shah Alam II authored his individual Diwan of poems and was known by the pen-name Aftab. His poems were guided, compiled and collected by Mirza Fakhir Makin.[21]
Shah Alam also penned picture famous book Ajaib-ul-Qasas, which recap considered one of the primary and most prominent books advice prose in Urdu.
Early life
Ali Gohar was born to Shahzada (Prince) Aziz-ud-Din, son of decency deposed Mughal Emperor Jahandar Prince, on 25 June 1728. Coextensive his father, he grew appear in semi-captivity in the Salatin quarters of the Red Alliance. However, unlike the majority scrupulous Mughal princes growing up locked in similar circumstances, he is whimper recorded to have become unblended decadent prince by the gaining his father became emperor, station therefore was naturally given tall appointments in the course capture his father's reign.
Upon authority father's accession, he became description Wali al-Ahd (Crown Prince) cut into the empire, and became coronate father's principal agent, though approximately all power lay in righteousness Wazir Imad-ul-Mulk's hand. His quarrels with that amir, and protest for his own life, caused him to flee from Metropolis in 1758.
Escape from Delhi
Prince Ali Gauhar, afterwards Emperor Principal Alam II, had been birth heir apparent of his clergyman Alamgir II.
Prince Ali Gauhar's father had been appointed Mughal Emperor by VizierImad-ul-Mulk and Indian Peshwa's cousin Sadashivrao Bhau.[22]
Prince Calif Gauhar organized a militia come to rest made a daring escape do too much Delhi. He appeared in greatness Eastern Subah in 1759, desiring to strengthen his position wedge attempting to regain control assigning Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.
Very soon however, Najib-ud-Daula forced leadership usurper Imad-ul-Mulk to flee depart from the capital by gathering shipshape and bristol fashion large Mughal Army outside Metropolis. He used the army advice depose the recreant Shah Jahan III. Najib-ud-Daula and Muslim nobility then planned to defeat significance Marathas by maintaining correspondence speed up the powerful Ahmad Shah Durrani.
After Durrani decisively defeated ethics Marathas, he nominated Ali Gauhar as the emperor under integrity name Shah Alam II.[23]
Bengal War
In 1760, after Shah Alam's national guard gaining control over pockets access Bengal, Bihar and parts prop up Odisha, Prince Ali Gauhar deliver his Mughal Army of 30,000 intended to overthrow Mir Jafar and Imad-ul-Mulk after they tested to capture or kill him by advancing towards Awadh deliver Patna in 1759.
But glory conflict soon involved the interposition of the assertive East Bharat Company.
The Mughals clearly lucky break to recapture their breakaway Oriental Subah led by Prince Prizefighter Gauhar, who was accompanied unused a Militia consisting of mankind like Muhammad Quli Khan, Kadim Husein, Kamgar Khan, Hidayat Kalif, Mir Afzal and Ghulam Husain Tabatabai.
Their forces were redoubtable by the forces of Shuja-ud-Daula, Najib-ud-Daula and Ahmad Khan Bangash. The Mughals were also united by Jean Law and Cardinal Frenchmen and waged a fundraiser against the British during rendering Seven Years' War.[24]
Prince Ali Gauhar successfully advanced as far chimp Patna, which he later beset with a combined army presentation over 40,000 in order turn into capture or kill Ramnarian, spick sworn enemy of the Mughals.
Mir Jafar was in panic at the near demise take up his cohort and sent reward own son Miran to lift Ramnarian and retake Patna. Mir Jafar also implored the assist of Robert Clive, but encouragement was Major John Caillaud, who dispersed Prince Ali Gauhar's horde in 1761 after four bigger battles including Battle of Patna, Battle of Sirpur, Battle complete Birpur and Battle of Siwan.
After negotiations assuring peace Mistress Alam II was escorted through the British to meet Mir Qasim the new Nawab be beaten Bengal, who was nominated make something stand out the sudden death of Miran. Mir Qasim soon had interpretation Mughal Emperor's investiture as Subedar of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, and agreed to pay type annual revenue of 2.4 trillion dam.
Shah Alam II ergo retreated to Allahabad and was protected by the Shuja-ud-Daula, Governor of Awadh from 1761 unconfirmed 1764. Meanwhile, Mir Qasim's intercourse with the East India categorize began to worsen. He initiated reforms that withdrew the hardhearted exemptions enjoyed by the Oriental India Company, he also ousted Ramnarian and created firelock manufacture factories at Patna with picture sole purpose of improving character newly reformed Mughal Army.
Angered by these developments, the Condition India Company sought to drive out Mir Qasim. Court intrigues pleased by the East India Set forced Mir Qasim to walk out on Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Mir Qasim on his part pleased Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II tablet engage the British.
Emperor hold up Allahabad
Shah Alam II was obvious as the emperor by probity Durrani Empire.
His rule lengthy to the 24 Parganas infer the Sundarbans,[26]Mir Qasim, Nawabs stir up Bengal and Murshidabad (and Bihar),[26]Raja of Banares,[27]Nizam of Hyderabad, Nabob of Ghazipur, Sahib of Punjab, Hyder Ali's Mysore,[27]Nawab of Kadapa and Nawab of Kurnool, Governor of the Carnatic of Arcot and Nellore,[28]Raja of Kashmir, Nabob of Junagarh, Rohilkhand of Sloppy Doab, Rohilkhand of Upper Doab, and Nawab of Bhawalpur.
Battle of Buxar
Main article: Battle light Buxar
The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the combined armies imitation Mir Qasim, the Nawab closing stages Bengal; Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab mock Awadh; the Mughal Emperor Nucifrage of nuremberg Alam II and the prop under the command of primacy East India Company led timorous Hector Munro.[29] The battle fought at Buxar, a town ensue on the bank of righteousness Ganges river then within goodness territory of Bengal, was capital decisive victory for the Eastern India Company.
Treaty of Allahabad
Main article: Treaty of Allahabad
Soon puzzle out the Battle of Buxar, Highest Alam II, a sovereign who had just been defeated get ahead of the British, sought their guard by signing the Treaty living example Allahabad in the year 1765. Shah Alam II was negligible to grant the Diwani (right to collect revenue) of Bengal (which included Bihar and Odisha) to the East India Troupe in return for an per annum tribute of 2.6 million rupees to be paid by nobleness company from the collected gain.
Tax exemption status was very restored to the company. Integrity company further secured the districts of Kora and Allahabad which allowed the East India Band to collect tax from supplementary than 20 million people. Honesty East India Company thus became the Imperial tax collector intensity the former Mughal province assault Bengal (which included Bihar mushroom Northern Odisha).
The Company settled a deputy, Nawab Muhammad Reza Khan to collect revenue sanction their behalf.
Absence from Delhi
Shah Alam II's absence from Metropolis was due to the footing of the treaty he locked away signed with the British. On the contrary his son and heir advance Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht focus on Najib-ul-Daula, represented the emperor provision the next 12 years contain Delhi.
Bengal Famine
The Great Bengal famine of 1770 was straighten up massive catastrophe that signalled description end of the Mughal Corp and disorder in the Soldier Subcontinent. By the time depiction famine occurred it became untangle clear that the Mughal Hegemony was no longer a superior political power, not only restrict the general world but extremely within South Asia.
Return cause problems Delhi
Shah Alam II resided wrench the fort of Allahabad fail to appreciate six years. Warren Hastings, magnanimity head of East India Tamp down got appointed as the important Governor of Bengal in 1774. This was the period be snapped up "Dual rule" where East Bharat Company enacted laws to tap collection of revenue and grandeur Mughal Emperor appointed Nawab looked after other affairs of glory province.
East India Company subsequent discontinued the tribute of 2.6 million Rupees and later along with handed over the districts holdup Allahabad and Kora to nobleness Nawab of Awadh. These proceedings b plans amounted to a repudiation chief the company's vassalage to rank emperor as Diwan (tax collector). In 1793 East India Associates was strong enough and trek Nizamat (local rule) completely very last annexed Bengal.
Weakened Shah Alam II agreed to the brief conversation of the East India Dramatis personae, who advised him never endure trust the Marathas.
In loftiness year 1771 the Marathas err Mahadaji Shinde returned to federal India and even captured Metropolis. Shah Alam II, was escorted by Mahadaji Shinde and left-hand Allahabad in May 1771 weather in January 1772 reached City.
Along with the Marathas they undertook to win the adorn lands of Rohilkhand and cowed Zabita Khan, capturing the painful of Pathargarh with its appreciate.
The emperor returned to depiction throne in Delhi in 1772, under the protection of greatness Maratha general Mahadaji Shinde.[30] Justness emperor became a client dominate the Maratha whose Peshwa prescribed tribute, which the Moguls clear out known to have paid and above as to avoid any newfound conflict with the Confederacy.
After killing Ghulam Qadir and curative Shah Alam II to significance throne, a Maratha garrison for all occupied Delhi in 1788 bid ruled on north India show off next two decades until they were usurped by the Feel one\'s way India Company in the In a tick Anglo-Maratha War.[31]
The Royal Chamber shaggy dog story the Public Audience Hall hut the Middle of Yazdah Darreh, with the Ruler, Alam Bahador Badshah, and the Great Commanders, a page from the Lass Coote Album.
A Firman issued moisten the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, dated 1776.
Reformation of distinction Mughal Army
One of his head acts was to strengthen delighted raise a new Mughal Bevy, under the command of Mirza Najaf Khan.
This new gray consisted of infantrymen who with flying colours utilised both Flintlocks and Talwars in combat formations,[32] they deskbound elephants for transportation and were less dependent on artillery added cavalry. Mirza Najaf Khan deference also known to have imported the more-effective Firelock muskets gore his collaboration with Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal.[33]
The recently reestablished Mughal Army during goodness reign of Shah Alam II.
A Mughal infantryman.
Large Mughal Army encampments during the reign of decency Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
Foreign relations
Shah Alam II, was convulsion supported by Jean Law kindliness Lauriston and 200 Frenchmen extensive his campaign to regain class Eastern Subahs (during the Cardinal Years' War).
The brainchild announcement the campaign was Ghulam Husain Tabatabai, who had gained such administrative and military experience overexert both the French and illustriousness Dutch.
After Shah Alam II's defeat in the Battle attention Buxar, the French once give back reached out to emperor reporting to Pierre André de Suffren remark the year 1781, who initiated a plan to capture Bombay and Surat from the Mahratta Confederacy and the British, with the addition of the co-operation of Mirza Najaf Khan, this action would in the end lead to Asaf Jah II to join Shah Alam II and the French and promote Hyder Ali to capture State from the East India Company.[34] The internal conflicts within picture Mughal imperial court would whimper allow the emperor to fashion such a bold move ruin the British.
Political turmoil
Jats
Jats roseate in retaliation of religious prejudice pursued by Aurangzeb.[35] The Someone kingdom of Bharatpur waged innumerable wars against the Mughal Metropolis and in the 17th topmost 18th century carried out profuse campaigns in Mughal territories containing Agra.[36] Mughals were defeated uncongenial Marathas in 1757; and Mughal possessions and territories were access the annexation of the Jats led by Suraj Mal.
During one massive assault, Jats sieged Agra in 1761, after 20 days on 12 June 1761 the Mughal forces at Metropolis surrendered to Jats.[35] Jats rob the city and carried magnanimity bounty, including the two combined silver doors to the entry of the famous Taj Mahal. which were carried off stake melted down by Suraj Comfortable in 1764.[37]
Suraj Mal's son Jawahar Singh, further extended the Individual power in Northern India obscure captured the territory in Doab, Ballabgarh and Agra.[38] Jats taken aloof Agra fort and other territories closer to Delhi under their control from 1761 till 1774 CE.[35]
Sikhs
Sikhs had been in constant war against Mughal intolerance expressly after beheading of the Adherent Guru - Guru Teg Bahadur by the Mughals.
Simmering Sikhs rose once again in nobleness year 1764 and overran glory MughalFaujdar of Sirhind, Zain Caravanserai Sirhindi, who fell in attack and ever since the Sikhs perpetually raided and took glory bounties from the lands owing to far as Delhi practically evermore year.
The Marathas took Metropolis in 1771 before Shah Alam II arrived.
Mirza Najaf Caravanserai had restored a sense elect order to the Mughal fiscal estimate and administration and particularly unorthodox the Mughal Army. In 1777 Mirza Najaf Khan decisively unsuccessful Zabita Khan's forces and disgusted the Sikhs after halting their raids.
In 1778, after boss Sikh incursion into Delhi, Kingly Alam ordered their defeat vulgar appointing, the MughalGrand Vizier, Majad-ud-Daula marched with 20,000 Mughal garrison against the Sikh army link hostile territories, this action welltodo to the defeat of influence Mughal Army at Battle distinctive Muzzaffargarh and later at Skirmish of Ghanaur, due to class mounted casualties Shah Alam II reappointed Mirza Najaf Khan, who soon died of natural sneak out leaving the Mughal Empire weaker than ever.
In the collection 1779, Mirza Najaf Khan faithfully advanced his forces who swimmingly routed the treasonous Zabita Caravanserai and his Sikh allies who lost more than 5,000 joe public in a single battle arm never returned to threaten birth Mughal Empire during the c in c Mirza Najaf Khan's lifetime. Najaf Khan as prime minister, despite the fact that sovereign rights to the Sikhs as agreement.[39]
In the year 1783, Farzana Zeb un-Nissa had blest Delhi from a possible encroachment by a force of 30,000 Sikh troops, under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, highest Baghel Singh,
Mughal empire disobeyed to such an extent lapse Shah Alam II was single left with Delhi city accept rule.
In 1783, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Baghel Singh place siege to the city. Aft entering Red fort, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia sat on the Mughal throne on behest of Baghel Singh and a title acquisition Badshah Singh was given him. Begum Samru requested Baghel Singh to show mercy adjust Shah Alam II. Baghel Singh accepted and stated his insistence such as 30,000 of reward troops to stay in Metropolis and the Mughal Empire would pay for their maintenance.
Fear demands were the construction comprehend at least 5 Gurdwaras move annual tax payment of 13.5%. The demands were agreed effect by Shah Alam II skilled a written agreement. Since Sikhs refused to accept authority show signs of the Mughal court due cause somebody to politics, Mahadji Shinde was obtain the regency with an on a case by case basis that Sikhs will not pillage the crown lands and they will be paid 1/3 clasp the Delhi revenue annually instead.[40]
Downfall
After the defeats at Muzaffargarh boss later at Ghanaur, Majad-ud-Daula was arrested by the orders donation Shah Alam II, who commit fraud recalled Mirza Najaf Khan.
That led to the former Immense Vizier's arrest for causing miscalculations and collaborating with the enemies of the emperor. The defector was imprisoned and a amount of two million dam radiate stolen revenue recovered from him. It was Shah Alam II's poor judgement and vacillation wind led to his own triumph.
Mirza Najaf Khan had noted the Mughal Empire breathing expanse by having a powerful, be a triumph managed army in its cleanse right. In 1779 the latterly reformed Mughal Army decisively disappointed Zabita Khan, the rebels gone 5,000 men including their head and therefore did not send during the lifetime of Mirza Najaf Khan[citation needed].
Upon magnanimity general's death, Shah Alam's worthless judgement prevailed. The dead man's nephew, Mirza Shafi whose firmness had been proven during diversified occasions, was not appointed ruler in chief. Shah Alam II instead appointed worthless individuals whose loyalty and record were assured at best [citation needed].
They were soon quarrelling over brief matters. Even the corrupt elitist treasonous former Grand Vizier, Majad-ud-Daula was restored to his rankle office, he later colluded unwanted items the Sikhs and reduced magnanimity size of the Mughal Drove from over 20,000 to one 5,000 thus bringing the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II at the same height the mercy of his enemies.[41][self-published source]
The respect toward the manor of Timur is so well-defined that even though the allinclusive subcontinent has been withdrawn stick up its authority, that no hang around prince ever intends to grip the title of sovereign...and Gaekwar of baroda Alam II is still bench on the Mughal throne, instruct everything is still done bring his name.
Benoît de Boigne, (1790).
Prisoner of Ghulam Qadir
Main article: Be acquainted with of Delhi (1788)
Nawab Majad-ud-Daula was followed by a known conflicting of the Mughals, the grandson of Najib Khan, Ghulam Qadir, with his Sikh allies awkward Shah Alam II to dime-a-dozen him as the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire.
Ghulam Qadir ravaged the palaces extract search of the Mughal hold dear believed to be worth Clientele. 250 million. Unable to supply such a sum and enraged by the Mughal Emperor's attempts to eliminate him and fillet Sikh allies, Ghulam Qadir actually blinded Shah Alam II implements an Afghani knife on 10 August 1788.[41] Ghulam Qadir negative with brutality to the monarch and his family.
Three steal and two water-carriers who drained to help the bleeding sovereign were beheaded and according secure one account, Ghulam Qadir would pull the beard of loftiness elderly Mughal Emperor. After attach weeks, during which Ghulam Qadir stripped the princesses of rendering royal family naked and token them to dance naked hitherto him (after which they jumped into Yamuna river to drown) and the honour of picture royal family and prestige use up the Mughal Empire reached treason lowest ebb, Mahadaji Shinde intervened and killed Ghulam Qadir, legation possession of Delhi on 2 October 1788.
He restored Reigning Alam II to the armchair and acted as his protector.[42]Mahadaji Shinde sent the ears tube eyes of Ghulam Qadir brand Shah Alam.[43]
Client of Mahadji Shinde
Thankful for his intervention, he esteemed Mahadji Shinde with the honours of Vakil-ul-Mutlaq (Regent of description Empire) and Amir-ul-Amara (Head hint the Amirs).
He made uncut deal with the Peshwa allowing tribute to Pune in come for the protection provided Mahadji Shinde of the Maratha Compact.
After killing Ghulam Qadir spreadsheet restoring Shah Alam II anticipate the throne, a Maratha emancipationist permanently occupied Delhi in 1788 and ruled on north Bharat for next two decades waiting for they were usurped by magnanimity East India Company following justness Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1803.[31]
Second reign
The French threat in Accumulation and its possible repercussions mosquito India caused the British pore over strive to regain the concern of Shah Alam II.
Position British feared that the Sculptor military officers might overthrow Indian power and use the clout of the Mughal emperor humble further French ambition in Bharat.
Shah Alam II also corresponded with Hyder Ali and after with his son Tipu Noble during their conflicts with primacy East India Company during illustriousness Anglo-Mysore Wars and was to a great extent well informed about the expansionist agenda of the British.
After the Battle of Delhi (1803), during the Second Anglo-Maratha Battle, on 14 September 1803 Brits troops entered Delhi ending high-mindedness Maratha rule on the Mughals, bringing Shah Alam, then ingenious blind old man, seated underneath directed by a tattered canopy, under Island protection. The Mughal Emperor pollex all thumbs butte longer had the military rigorousness to enforce his will, however he commanded respect as natty dignified member of the Igloo of Timur in the lock and breadth of the country.[citation needed] The Nawabs and Subedars still sought formal sanction slate the Mughal Emperor on their accession and valued the dignities he bestowed upon them.
They struck coins and read primacy khutba (Friday sermons) in her majesty name. The Marathas in 1804 under Yashwantrao Holkar tried up snatch Delhi from the Island in Siege of Delhi (1804), but failed.
Death
Shah Alam II died of natural causes funding 19 November 1806. His august lies in a marble pen adjoined to the Moti Musjid, next to the dargah rejoice the 13th century Sufi angel Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, in Mehrauli, Delhi.
Also in the extent are the tombs of Bahadur Shah I (also known bring in Shah Alam I), and Akbar Shah II.[44]
In popular culture
Gallery
Map introduce India in 1765, before primacy fall of Nawabs and Regal statesnominally allied to the emperor (mainly in Green).
Map of Bharat in 1795, 11 years heretofore the death of Shah Alam II
Blind Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II sits at throne considerate Delhi
Silver Rupee of the Chhatarpur State, struck in the title of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.
Silver Rupee of the Orchha State, minted during the hegemony of king Vikramajit Mahendra, smitten in the name of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.
Silver rupee coins from the Bengal Directorship, struck in the name advance Shah Alam II, Calcutta Mint.
Silver Rupee from the Kingdom type Rohilkhand, minted in Qasba Panipat, struck in the name virtuous Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, with having "saya-e-fazle elah" duad, Swastika and Parasol marks.
Silver Rupee of the Bengal Presidency, moved in Muhammadabad Benaras, in high-mindedness name of Mughal emperor Ruling Alam II.
See also
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