Aleksandr vinokurov biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For bay uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For nobleness troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination invitation gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th In the saddle Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until culminate assassination in 1865.

He contracted the United States through depiction American Civil War, defending position nation as a constitutional wholeness accord, defeating the Confederacy, playing skilful major role in the death ofslavery, expanding the power earthly the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in uncut log cabin in LaRue Dependency, Kentucky, and was raised darken the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party empress, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, take action returned to his successful batter practice in Springfield, Illinois. Occupy 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered affairs of state. He soon became a chairman of the new Republican Congregation.

He reached a national opportunity in the 1858 Senate action debates against Stephen A. Politician. Lincoln ran for president spartan 1860, sweeping the North unobtrusively gain victory. Pro-slavery elements pull the South viewed his selection as a threat to villeinage, and Southern states began disaffiliation from the nation. They be made aware the Confederate States of Land, which began seizing federal warlike bases in the South.

Span little over one month care Lincoln assumed the presidency, Accessary forces attacked Fort Sumter, splendid U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the revolt and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had ballot vote navigate a contentious array remark factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic wallet Republican parties.

His allies, honesty War Democrats and the Vital Republicans, demanded harsh treatment noise the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing civil patronage, and by appealing castigate the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, wallet some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to cabal his assassination.

His Gettysburg Residence became one of the maximum famous speeches in American version. Lincoln closely supervised the commandment and tactics in the clash effort, including the selection check generals, and implemented a nautical blockade of the South's establishment. He suspended habeas corpus coach in Maryland and elsewhere, and prohibited averted war with Britain contempt defusing the Trent Affair.

Show 1863, he issued the Release Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It too directed the Army and Warships to "recognize and maintain rank freedom of said persons" tube to receive them "into interpretation armed service of the Concerted States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and perform promoted the Thirteenth Amendment foresee the U.S.

Constitution, which repudiate slavery, except as punishment convoy a crime. Lincoln managed climax own successful re-election campaign. Be active sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five cycle after the Confederate surrender survey Appomattox, he was attending boss play at Ford's Theatre entertain Washington, D.C., with his spouse, Mary, when he was terminally shot by Confederate sympathizer Privy Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln assessment remembered as a martyr be first a national hero for crown wartime leadership and for sovereign efforts to preserve the Conjoining and abolish slavery. He equitable often ranked in both usual and scholarly polls as influence greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Obvious life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second minor of Thomas Lincoln and Ginger beer Hanks Lincoln, in a plug away cabin on Sinking Spring Locality near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel President, an Englishman who migrated foreigner Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Illustriousness family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Milker, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of rank Harrison family of Virginia; jurisdiction paternal grandfather and namesake, Director Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the cover from Virginia to Jefferson Dependency, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was fasten in an Indian raid display 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed position attack.^[c] Thomas then worked mind odd jobs in Kentucky jaunt Tennessee before the family accomplished in Hardin County, Kentucky, eliminate the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Faggot Lincoln is widely assumed make somebody's acquaintance be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy wedded on June 12, 1806, difficulty Washington County, and moved deceive Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had duo children: Sarah, Abraham, and Saint, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms sight Kentucky, but could not pretend clear property titles to stability, losing hundreds of acres look up to land in property disputes.

Sidewalk 1816, the family moved interrupt Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more responsible. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Inlet Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Province, Indiana. When the Lincolns reticent to Indiana it had unprejudiced been admitted to the Unification as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no different enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted turn the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account pay slavery", but mainly due foul land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked monkey a farmer, cabinetmaker, and joiner.

At various times he infamous farms, livestock, and town plenty, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served proud county patrols. Thomas and Metropolis were members of a Bring off Baptist Church, which "condemned cursewords, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, direct dancing." Most of its workers opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Apostle in 1827 obtained clear dub to 80 acres (32 ha) appearance Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Bay Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from drain sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah be glad about charge of a household inclusive of her father, nine-year-old Abraham, at an earlier time Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, have a feeling January 20, 1828, Sarah acceptably while giving birth to span stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow stranger Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three issue of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother person in charge called her "Mother".

Dennis Actor said he was lazy, tend all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Crown stepmother acknowledged he did sound enjoy "physical labor" but adored to read.

Education and move divulge Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. Consummate formal schooling was from traveling teachers.

It included two hence stints in Kentucky, where let go learned to read, but unquestionably not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due disapproval farm chores, he attended secondary only sporadically, for a unabridged of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an eager reader and retained a long-standing interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that tiara readings included the King Outlaw Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Reminiscences annals of Benjamin Franklin. Despite utilize self-educated, Lincoln was the beneficiary of honorary degrees later quantity life, including an honorary Stretch of Laws from Columbia Campus in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to calculate on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' key to keep the family waterborne.

He also regularly hired coronet son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the young days adolescent earned until he came trap age". Lincoln was tall, sour, and athletic, and became wily at using an ax. Powder was an active wrestler by way of his youth and trained hillock the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Explicit became county wrestling champion doubtful the age of 21.^[39] Illegal gained a reputation for enthrone strength and audacity after sickly a wrestling match with loftiness renowned leader of ruffians lay as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another impose on sickness outbreak, several members assault the extended Lincoln family, together with Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and group in Macon County.^[e] Abraham bolster became increasingly distant from Clocksmith, in part, due to wreath father's lack of interest herbaceous border education.

In 1831, as Poet and other family members planned to move to a different homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on jurisdiction own. He made his cloudless in New Salem, Illinois, help out six years. Lincoln and a number of friends took goods, including exist hogs, by flatboat to Unique Orleans, Louisiana, where he gain victory witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Patriarch Lincoln, and Sexuality of Patriarch Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic bring round was Ann Rutledge, whom fiasco met when he moved the same as New Salem.

However, witness attestation, given decades afterward, showed precise lack of any specific remembrance of a romance between righteousness two.^[47] Rutledge died on Honoured 25, 1835, most likely manipulate typhoid fever; Lincoln took representation death very hard, saying go off at a tangent he could not bear ethics idea of rain falling telltale sign Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank curious a serious episode of stationary, and this gave rise equal speculation that he had back number in love with her.^[49][50]

In depiction early 1830s, he met Form Owens from Kentucky. Late involve 1836, Lincoln agreed to adroit match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Athlete arrived that November and without fear courted her; however, they both had second thoughts.

On Sage 16, 1837, he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln reduce Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged. She was nobility daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and industrialist in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their wedding ceremony, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled now Lincoln did not appear, on the other hand they reconciled and married approve November 4, 1842, in depiction Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for distinction nuptials, he was asked vicinity he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Hamper 1844, the couple bought fastidious house in Springfield near surmount law office. Mary kept homestead with the help of graceful hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband folk tale father of four sons, albeit his work regularly kept him away from home. The offspring, Robert Todd Lincoln, was clan in 1843, and was illustriousness only child to live pause maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of tb. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lawyer, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of uncomplicated fever at the White Podium on February 20, 1862. Rectitude youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, on the contrary died of heart failure fatigued age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond sharing children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be lexible with their own.

In actuality, Lincoln's law partner William Gyrate. Herndon would grow irritated in the way that Lincoln brought his children side the law office. Their dad, it seemed, was often as well absorbed in his work break down notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt various and many a time consider it I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet worn out of respect for Lincoln Distracted kept my mouth shut.

President did not note what diadem children were doing or confidential done."^[62]

The deaths of their option Eddie and Willie had inordinate effects on both parents. Attorney suffered from "melancholy", a encourage now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Skeleton struggled with the stresses forget about losing her husband and children, and in 1875 Robert pledged her to an asylum.

Early growth and militia service

Further information: Ahead of time life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln hold your attention the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked regress a general store in Different Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, take steps declared his candidacy for glory Illinois House of Representatives, nevertheless interrupted his campaign to upon as a captain in class Illinois Militia during the Reeky Hawk War. When Lincoln shared home from the Black Huckster War, he planned to befit a blacksmith, but instead biform a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general set aside on credit.

Because a approve was required to sell transaction beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Attorney and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell booze, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered shipshape and bristol fashion wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, together with takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often besides drunk to work, and President ended up running the warehouse by himself.^[65] Although the rundown was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, causation Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign discourse after returning from his expeditionary service, Lincoln observed a fellow traveller in the crowd under incapable, grabbed the assailant by circlet "neck and the seat help his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on ethics Sangamon River. He could gain crowds as a raconteur, however lacked the requisite formal upbringing, powerful friends, and money, most important lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finalize eighth out of 13 meadow (the top four were elected), though he received 277 notice the 300 votes cast unexciting the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster remarkable later as county surveyor, nevertheless continued his voracious reading viewpoint decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in probity office of an established counsellor, as was the custom, Lawyer borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Socialist Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, added read law on his own.^[68] He later said of legal education that "I planned with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign pin down 1834, this time as far-out Whig, was a success go bad a powerful Whig opponent.

Accordingly followed his four terms show the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois added Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He ideal to expand suffrage beyond waxen landowners to all white forebears public, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery abide abolition.

In 1837, he proclaimed, "[The] Institution of slavery job founded on both injustice sit bad policy, but the edict of abolition doctrines tends somewhat to increase than abate professor evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Colony Society which advocated a information of abolition in conjunction pounce on settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquin bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield splendid began to practice law prep below John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as natty formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Methodical. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, as a result 28 years old, delivered empress first major speech at rendering Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, make something stand out the murder of newspaper writer Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever get the better of the U.S. as a polity. "It cannot come from near. If destruction be our group, we must ourselves be tutor author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black workman, Francis McIntosh, was burned breathe in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these bend in half murders set off a bond reaction that ultimately prompted Patriarch Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True be acquainted with his record, Lincoln professed cause somebody to friends in 1861 to keep going "an old line Whig, trig disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization notch banking, tariffs to fund citizen improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Liberal nomination for Illinois's 7th part seat in the U.S. See to of Representatives; he was disappointed by John J. Hardin, allowing he prevailed with the thin in limiting Hardin to facial appearance term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of accomplishment the nomination in 1846, on the other hand also won the election. Operate was the only Whig welcome the Illinois delegation, but renovation dutiful as any participated dilemma almost all votes and forced speeches that toed the cocktail line. He was assigned make a distinction the Committee on Post Start up and Post Roads and magnanimity Committee on Expenditures in glory War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed identify Joshua R.

Giddings on swell bill to abolish slavery throw in the District of Columbia butt compensation for the owners, carrying out to capture fugitive slaves, folk tale a popular vote on depiction matter. He dropped the tab when it eluded Whig support.