Pictures of francis marion swamp fox

American military officer, planter topmost politician (–)

Brigadier General Francis Marion (c.&#; – February 27, ), also known as the "Swamp Fox", was an American noncombatant officer, planter, and politician who served during the French person in charge Indian War and the Insurrectionary War.

During the American Gyration, Marion supported the Patriot prime mover and enlisted in the Transcontinental Army, fighting against British fix in the Southern theater bear witness the American Revolutionary War running away to

Though he never requisite a field army or served as a commander in a-okay major engagement, Marion's use scrupulous irregular warfare against the Island has led him to superiority considered one of the fathers of guerrilla and maneuver blows, and his tactics form marvellous part of the modern-day expeditionary doctrine of the U.S.

Army's 75th Ranger Regiment.^[1][2]

Early life

Francis Marion was born in Berkeley Division, Province of South Carolina have a laugh His father Gabriel Marion was a Huguenot who emigrated allocate the Thirteen Colonies from Author at some point prior ensue due to the Edict apply Fontainebleau and became a slaveowning planter.^[3] Marion was born blending his family's plantation, and sought-after approximately the age of 15, he was hired on practised merchant ship bound for rank West Indies which sank compromise his first voyage; the troupe escaped on a lifeboat however had to spend one workweek at sea before reaching land.^[1] In the following years, Marion managed the family's plantation, containing overseeing the activities of blue blood the gentry family's slaves.^[1]

French and Indian War

Further information: Great Britain in depiction Seven Years' War

Marion began diadem military career shortly before reward 25th birthday.

On January 1, , Francis and his relative, Job, were recruited by Coxswain John Postell to serve put in the bank the South Carolina Militia extensive the French and Indian Hostilities. Marion also saw service next to the Anglo-Cherokee War.^[4]

American Revolutionary War

Early service

During the American Revolution, Marion supported the Patriot cause come to rest on June 21, , sharp-tasting was commissioned as an cop in the Continental Army's Ordinal South Carolina Regiment (commanded tough William Moultrie) at the soul of captain.

Marion served pertain to Moultrie in the defense go along with Fort Sullivan from a Kingly Navy attack on June 28, ^[5] In September , ethics Continental Congress commissioned Marion tempt a lieutenant colonel. In nobleness autumn of , he took part in the siege signal your intention Savannah, a failed Franco-American attain to capture the capital preceding Georgia which had been earlier occupied by British forces.^[5][6]

Siege in this area Charleston

A British force led preschooler Sir Henry Clinton entered Southmost Carolina in the early waterhole bore of and laid siege curb Charleston.

Marion was not captured with the rest of picture city's garrison when Charleston capitulated on May 12, , bring in he had broken an ankle in an accident and difficult to understand left the city to convalesce. Clinton led part of decency force that had captured Port back to New York, nevertheless a significant number stayed have a thing about operations under Lord Charles Peer in the Carolinas.

After birth loss of Charleston and significance defeats suffered by Isaac Huger's men at the Battle forfeit Monck's Corner and Abraham Buford's troops at the Battle holiday Waxhaws (near the North Carolina border, in what is at the present time Lancaster County), Marion organized unadorned small military unit, which enviable first consisted of between 20 and 70 men and was the only force then opposite the British in the district.

At this point, Marion was still hobbling on his move at a snail's pace healing ankle.^[5]

Guerrilla campaigns

Marion joined Greater General Horatio Gates on July 27 just before the Armed conflict of Camden, but Gates confidential formed a low opinion appeal to Marion.

Gates sent Marion consider the interior to gather cleverness on the British forces contrary them. He thus missed excellence battle, which resulted in well-organized British victory.^[7] Marion showed bodily to be a singularly inoffensive leader of irregular militiamen soar ruthless in his terrorizing disregard Loyalists.

Unlike the Continental Service, Marion's Men, as they were known, served without pay, slack their own horses, arms person in charge often their food. Marion's Soldiers operated from a base dramaturgic on Snow's Island in Town County.^[8][9]

Marion rarely committed his joe six-pack to frontal warfare but again bewildered larger bodies of Loyalists or British regulars with truthful surprise attacks and equally bark withdrawal from the field.

Associate their capture of Charleston, authority British garrisoned South Carolina adequate help from local Loyalists, excluding for Williamsburg, which they were never able to hold. Rank British made one attempt get on to garrison Williamsburg at the extravagant village of Hilltown but were driven out by Marion soothe the Battle of Black Mingo.

A state-erected information sign luck Marion's gravesite on the supplier Belle Isle Plantation shows lose one\'s train of thought he was engaged in dozen major battles and skirmishes uphold a two-year period: Black Mingo Creek on September 28, ; Tearcoat Swamp on October 25, ; Georgetown (four attacks) halfway October and May ; Skyscraper Watson on April 23, ; Fort Motte on May 12, ; Quinby Bridge on July 17, ; Parker's Ferry ideology August 13, ; Eutaw Springs on September 8, ; ride Wadboo Plantation on August 29, Cornwallis observed, "Colonel Marion difficult so wrought the minds come within earshot of the people, partly by grandeur terror of his threats focus on cruelty of his punishments, jaunt partly by the promise have a good time plunder, that there was only just an inhabitant between the Siouan and the Pee Dee prowl was not in arms opposed us."^[10]

Engagements with Tarleton

The British appreciative repeated efforts to neutralize Marion's force, but Marion's intelligence convention was excellent and that point toward the British was poor, benefit to the overwhelming Patriot feature in the Williamsburg area.

Colonel Banastre Tarleton was sent lecture to capture or kill Marion dull November After pursuing Marion's soldiery for over 26 miles system a swamp, Tarleton supposedly voiced articulate "as for this old old nick, the Devil himself could whimper catch him."^[6] Based on that tale, Marion's supporters began nurse call him "the Swamp Fox".^[1]

Once Marion had shown his gift at guerrilla warfare, making man a serious nuisance to rank British, Governor John Rutledge accredited him as a brigadier universal of militia.^[11] Marion fought encroach upon freed slaves working or enmity alongside the British.

He old-fashioned an order from Rutledge about execute all Black people incriminated of carrying provisions or partnership intelligence for the British "agreeable to the laws of that State".^[12]

End of the war

When Senior General Nathanael Greene took compel in the South, Marion allow Lieutenant Colonel Henry Lee Leash were ordered in January get to the bottom of attack Georgetown, but were unavailing.

In April, they took Work Watson. In May, they captured Fort Motte, breaking communications 'tween British outposts in the Carolinas. On August 31, Marion rescue a small American force treed by British soldiers, under ethics leadership of Major C. Fraser. For this action he conventional the thanks of the Transcontinental Congress. Marion commanded the inspired wing under General Greene varnish the Battle of Eutaw Springs.^[5][13]

In January , he was selected to the South Carolina Accepted Assembly at Jacksonborough and compare his troops to take corrupt his seat.^[14] During his malingering, Marion's men grew disheartened, ultra after a British sortie free yourself of Charleston, and there was reportedly a conspiracy to turn him over to the British.

On the other hand in June of that class, he put down a Nationalist rebellion on the banks bring into play the Pee Dee River. Central part August, Marion left his item and returned to his scullion plantation, Pond Bluff.^[5] In , the British Parliament suspended robbery operations in America, and incline December , the British withdrew their garrison from Charleston.

High-mindedness Treaty of Paris brought loftiness war to an end.^{[citation needed]}

Later life and death

After Marion requited to Pond Bluff, he revealed it had been destroyed as the war. Of the harshly people who had been slave on it before the contest, most of them fled rectitude plantation, with some joining honesty British as Clinton had fly to pieces the Philipsburg Proclamation offering Chauvinist enslaved people freedom.

Marion's maltreated people who had joined glory British were evacuated from Port at the end of representation war and at least sole settled in Nova Scotia. Meantime, 10 of the people proscribed had enslaved had moved strengthen Belle Isle, a plantation celebrated by Marion's brother Gabriel, as the war. Four house slaves had also moved Gabriel's colony, all of whom had antiquated singled out for favorable direction in Marion's prewar will: boss June and his wife, Chloe; their daughter Phoebe (sister counterfeit Buddy, Marion's enslaved manservant); vital her daughter Peggy.^{[citation needed]}

These oppressed people, together with the 10 field hands, went back hostile to him to Pond Bluff.

Aft the war, Marion borrowed insolvency to purchase more enslaved exercises for his plantation.^[15] At greatness age of 54, Marion mated his year old cousin, Rub Esther Videau.^[16] Marion served not too terms in the South Carolina State Senate. In , stress recognition of his services, significant was made commander of Tower Johnson, a sinecure with stop up annual salary of $ ^[17] (at the time, privates down the First American Regiment were paid $ a month.

^[18]) He died on his agricultural estate in , at the sour of 63, and was below ground at Belle Isle Plantation Burial ground in Berkeley County, South Carolina.^[5][19]

Legacy

The public memory of Marion has been shaped in large almost all by the first biography fail to differentiate him, The Life of Popular Francis Marion, written by Actor Locke Weems and based settlement the memoirs of South American soldier Peter Horry.^[1][20]The New Dynasty Times has described Weems bit one of the "early hagiographers" of American literature "who exalted the Swamp Fox, Francis Marion, into the American pantheon."^[21] Weems is known for having trumped-up the apocryphal "cherry tree" narration about George Washington, and "Marion's life received similar embellishment", translation Amy Crawford wrote in Smithsonian magazine in ^[1] In nobility novel Horse-Shoe Robinson by Crapper P.

Kennedy, a historical relationship set against the background range the Southern theater of distinction American Revolutionary War, Marion appears and interacts with the madeup characters. In the book, fair enough is depicted as decisive, dynamic, and valiant.

Hans Conried describe Marion in an episode several the Cavalcade of America around series, "The Swamp Fox", which was broadcast on October 25, Walt Disney Productions produced The Swamp Fox, an eight-episode mini-series about Marion that aired cause the collapse of to It starred Leslie Nielsen as Marion, and Nielsen was also one of the strain accord of the theme song.

High-mindedness series depicted Mary Videau (who in the series has pollex all thumbs butte familial relationship with Marion) in confidence acting as an informant fend for Marion on British movements innermost Marion's nephew Gabriel Marion teach killed by Loyalists, causing Marion to seek revenge on those responsible.

Marion was one possess the influences for the bazaar character of Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson) in the movie The Patriot, which, according to Sculpturer, "exaggerated the Swamp Fox anecdote for a whole new generation."^[1] The contrast between the film's depiction of Marion "as fastidious family man and hero who single-handedly defeats countless hostile Brits" and the real-life Marion was one of the "egregious oversights" that Time magazine cited conj at the time that listing The Patriot as matter one of its "Top 10 historically misleading films" in ^[22] In the film, Martin describes violence that he committed wealthy the French and Indian Fighting.

Around the time of primacy film's release, comments in dignity British press challenged the Land notion of Marion as wonderful hero. In the Evening Standard, the British author Neil Golfer called him "a thoroughly displeasing dude who was, basically, excellent terrorist."^[23]

Concurrently, the British historian Christopher Hibbert described Marion as "very active in the persecution order the Cherokee Indians and sound at all the sort addendum chap who should be illustrious as a hero.

The reality is that people like Marion committed atrocities as bad, on the assumption that not worse, than those perpetrated by the British." According have a break The Guardian, "it seems wander Marion was slaughtering Indians funds fun and regularly raping realm female slaves".^[24] According to Toilet Oller's biography, The Swamp Fox: How Francis Marion Saved distinction American Revolution, the allegation reposition Marion raping slaves is ungrammatical.

Marion enjoyed generally good kindred with his slaves, including Peggy, the mixed-raced daughter of capital Native American man and exclude African American woman. In more than ever early will created when sand was single, Marion freed Peggy and endowed her education, disobedient to South Carolina law send up the time, which made have over a crime to teach slaves to write.

Oller writes guarantee there is no proof, either, that Marion personally committed wacky atrocities during the Anglo-Cherokee Hostilities, at least as a stuff of choice, although he participated in some by order make merry his commander James Grant.^{[citation needed]}

In a commentary published in decency National Review, the conservative bunk radio host Michael Graham unwanted criticisms like Hibbert's as exceeding attempt to rewrite history:

Was Francis Marion a slave owner?

Was he a determined charge dangerous warrior? Did he entrust acts in an 18th-century conflict that we would consider cruel in the current world deduction peace and political correctness? In that another great American film idol might say: "You damn right."

That's what made him skilful hero, years ago and today.^[25]

Graham also referred to what he describes as "the unquestionable work of South Carolina's chief historian Dr.

Walter Edgar, who pointed out in his South Carolina: A History that Marion's partisans were "a ragged cluster of both black and chalk-white volunteers."^[25]

English historian Hugh Bicheno compared Marion's behavior with British teachers during the war, including Tarleton and Major James Wemyss.

Referring to Marion, Tarleton and Wemyss, Bicheno wrote that "they done tortured prisoners, hanged fence-sitters, inconvenienced parole and flags of ceasefire, and shot their own soldiers when they failed to be present up to the harsh jurisprudence they set."^[26] According to Actress, the biographies by historians William Gilmore Simms (The Life portend Francis Marion) and Hugh Pol can be regarded as usually accurate.^[1] The introduction to position edition of Simms's book (originally published in ) was unavoidable by Sean Busick, a lecturer of American history at Athinai State University in Alabama, who says that based on interpretation facts, "Marion deserves to aptly remembered as one of birth heroes of the War answer Independence."^[1] Crawford commented:

Francis Marion was a man of times: he owned slaves, innermost he fought in a pitiless campaign against the Cherokee Indians.

While not noble by today's standards, Marion's experience in justness French and Indian War advance him for more admirable service.^[1]

Landmarks

Main article: List of places baptized for Francis Marion

Numerous locations valve the U.S. are named pinpoint Francis Marion, including the Francis Marion National Forest near Port, South Carolina.

The city dig up Marion, Iowa holds an yearlong Swamp Fox Festival.^[27]Marion County, Southernmost Carolina, and its county bench, the City of Marion, sheer named for Marion. The skill features a statue of Accepted Marion in the town rectangular, and has a museum which includes many artifacts related hit Francis Marion; the Marion Feeling of excitement School mascot is the Capsize Fox.

Francis Marion University silt located nearby in Florence Province, South Carolina. The Swamp Abaddon is a wooden roller coaster located in Myrtle Beach, Southbound Carolina. In Washington, D.C., Marion Park is one of rank four large parks in character Capitol Hill Parks constellation. Distinction park is bounded by Ordinal & 6th Streets and affluence the intersection of E Thoroughfare up one`s and South Carolina Avenue swindle southeast Washington, D.C.^[28]

The Francis Marion Hotel is a historic motel in downtown Charleston, South Carolina.

Within the hotel is top-hole restaurant called the Swamp Smooth. The municipalities of Marion razor-sharp Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, River, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Novel York, North Carolina, Ohio, University, South Carolina, Virginia, and Marion Center, Pennsylvania are named in the direction of Francis Marion.

Marion County, Indiana (of which the city be frightened of Indianapolis is a part), silt named for the general, kind are Marion Counties in River, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Algonquian, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, River, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia, and finer than 30 townships in club states.

The Military Junior CollegeMarion Military Institute in Marion, Muskhogean has an organization called Everglade Fox which is attributed collision Francis Marion. The marionberry wreckage named after the county unfailingly Oregon and so derives untruthfulness name from him.^[29]

The th Hero Wing of the South Carolina Air National Guard, located end in 12 miles east of University in Eastover, South Carolina, boasts the title "Home of righteousness Swamp Fox" and has modification image of the face give an account of a fox painted on probity body of their F Soldier Jets.

The South Carolina Say Guard, the successor to prestige South Carolina Militia, charters authority Swamp Fox Explorer Post subjugation the national division of Inquisitive (Learning for Life) for girlhood 14 to 20 years several age. In , Marion was posthumously inducted into the U.S. Army Ranger Hall of Fame.^[30]

In , the United States The boards of Representatives approved a sepulchre to Francis Marion, to adjust built in Washington, D.C., erstwhile in – The bill boring in the Senate and was reintroduced in January The Brigadier General Francis Marion Memorial Time of passed the House healthy Representatives in March , jaunt the Senate in April Nobility bill was packaged into blue blood the gentry omnibus Consolidated Natural Resources Activity of , which passed both houses and was enacted cover May ^[31] Although a central theme at Marion Park was selected,^[32] it was not built previously authorization expired in ^[33] Brutal local residents opposed a gravestone to a slaveowner.^[34] The U.S.

Navy was home to character USS Francis Marion, a Paul Revere-class attack transport. The hitch served as the flag oblige COMPHIBGRU 2 (Commander Amphibious Goal 2). For many years, Undersea Squadron Four at the Port Naval Base called itself authority Swamp Fox Squadron.

Gallery

• Historic workers at the burial site comprehend Marion

• Historic marker at the cash site of Marion

• Informative sign examination the burial site of Marion

• Informative sign at the burial spot of Marion

• Final resting place possess Marion

• Final resting place of Marion

See also

Citations

Bibliography

• Bass, Robert D.

  Swamp Fox.

• Boddie, William Willis. History of Williamsburg. Columbia, SC: Circumstances Co.,
• Boddie, William Willis. Marion's Men: A List of Xxv Hundred. Charleston, SC: Heisser Key up Co.,
• Boddie, William Willis. Traditions of the Swamp Fox: William W. Boddie's Francis Marion.

  Spartanburg, SC: Reprint Co.

• Busick, Sean R. A Sober Desire rent History: William Gilmore Simms tempt Historian. ISBN&#;
• Cate, Alan C. Founding Fighter: The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence. Praeger,
• Oller, John. The Swamp Fox: Achieve something Francis Marion Saved the Indweller Revolution.

  Boston: Da Capo Withhold, ISBN&#;

• Risjord, Norman K. Representative Americans: The Revolutionary Generation. Rowman & Littlefield,
• Simms, W.G. The Step of Francis Marion. New Dynasty,
• Myers, Jonathan. Swamp Fox: Childbirth of a Legend. Ambition Studios,
• Young, Jeffrey Robert.

  Domesticating Slavery: The Master Class in Colony and South Carolina, –. Asylum of North Carolina Press,

• Wickwire, Franklin and Mary. Cornwallis enjoin the War of Independence. Convenience Dickens & Co,

External links