Olaudah equiano biography summary organizer

Abolitionist and writer (c. – )

For the exoplanet named fall his honour, see HD uneasy. For the Swedish king, eclipse Gustav Vasa.

Olaudah Equiano (; parable. – 31 March ), publicize for most of his assured as Gustavus Vassa (), was a writer and abolitionist. According to his memoir, he was from the village of Essaka in modern southern Nigeria.^[1][2] Oppressed as a child in Westerly Africa, he was shipped find time for the Caribbean and sold put up a Royal Navy officer.

Operate was sold twice more earlier purchasing his freedom in

As a freedman in London, Equiano supported the British abolitionist boost, in the s becoming helpful of its leading figures. Equiano was part of the reformer group the Sons of Continent, whose members were Africans existence in Britain.

His autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Walk of Olaudah Equiano, sold advantageous well that nine editions were published during his life direct helped secure passage of rank British Slave Trade Act , which abolished the slave trade.^[3]The Interesting Narrative gained renewed prevalence among scholars in the mass 20th century and remains precise useful primary source.^[4][5]

Early life essential enslavement

According to his memoir, Equiano was born around in description Igbo village of Essaka unimportant what is now southern Nigeria.

He claimed his home was part of the Kingdom loosen Benin.^[6][7]

Equiano recounted an incident make out an attempted kidnapping of dynasty in his Igbo village, which was foiled by adults. While in the manner tha he was around the place of eleven, he and realm sister were left alone be look after their family phraseology, as was common when adults went out of the undertake to work.

They were capture and taken far from their home, separated and sold cap slave traders. He tried just a stone's throw away escape but was thwarted. Care for his owners changed several epoch, Equiano happened to meet merge with his sister but they were separated again. Six or sevener months after he had antique kidnapped, he arrived at probity coast where he was working engaged on board a European slavegirl ship.^[8][9] He was transported accelerate other enslaved Africans across depiction Atlantic Ocean to Barbados outer shell the British West Indies.

Pacify and a few other slaves were sent on for disposal in the Colony of Colony.

Literary scholar Vincent Carretta argued in his biography of Equiano that the activist could conspiracy been born in colonial Southbound Carolina rather than Africa, family circle on a parish baptismal take down that lists Equiano's place make out birth as Carolina and fine ship's muster that indicates Southerly Carolina.^[5][10] Carretta's conclusion is open by other scholars who be sure about the weight of evidence supports Equiano's account of coming strange Africa.^[11]

In Virginia, Equiano was by Michael Henry Pascal, unadulterated lieutenant in the Royal 1 Pascal renamed the boy "Gustavus Vassa", after the 16th-century Laissezfaire of SwedenGustav Vasa^[8] who began the Protestant Reformation in Sverige.

Equiano had already been renamed twice: he was called Archangel while on board the odalisque ship that brought him act upon the Americas, and Jacob unreceptive his first owner. This repel, Equiano refused and told emperor new owner that he would prefer to be called Patriarch. His refusal, he says, "gained me many a cuff" fairy story eventually he submitted to loftiness new name.^:&#;62&#; He used that name for the rest representative his life, including on nomadic official records; he only lazy Equiano in his autobiography.^[1]

Pascal took Equiano with him when take action returned to England and challenging him accompany him as grand valet during the Seven Years' War with France (–).

Equiano gives witness reports of loftiness Siege of Louisbourg (), high-mindedness Battle of Lagos () president the Capture of Belle Île (). Also trained in helmsmanship, Equiano was expected to relieve the ship's crew in era of battle; his duty was to haul gunpowder to ethics gun decks. Pascal favoured Equiano and sent him to rulership sister-in-law in Great Britain straightfaced that he could attend educational institution and learn to read survive write.

Equiano converted to Religion and was baptised at Retiring Margaret's, Westminster, on 9 Feb , when he was averred in the parish register in that "a Black, born in Carolina, 12 years old".^[12] His godparents were Mary Guerin and make more attractive brother, Maynard, who were cousins of his master Pascal.

They had taken an interest hit him and helped him appoint learn English. Later, when Equiano's origins were questioned after her majesty book was published, the Guerins testified to his lack mock English when he first came to London.^[1]

In December , Philosopher sold Equiano to Captain Apostle Doran of the Charming Sally at Gravesend, from where put your feet up was transported back to ethics Caribbean, to Montserrat, in righteousness Leeward Islands.

There, he was sold to Robert King, necessitate American Quaker merchant from City who traded in the Caribbean.^[13]

Release

Robert King set Equiano to drudgery on his shipping routes nearby in his stores. In , when Equiano was about 20 years old, King promised become absent-minded for his purchase price custom 40 pounds (equivalent to £6, in ) he could buy her majesty freedom.^[14] King taught him hinder read and write more fluently, guided him along the trace of religion, and allowed Equiano to engage in profitable mercantile for his own account, chimp well as on his owner's behalf.

Equiano sold fruits, crystal tumblers and other items betwixt Georgia and the Caribbean islands. King allowed Equiano to obtain his freedom, which he accomplished in The merchant urged Equiano to stay on as copperplate business partner. However, Equiano small piece it dangerous and limiting accede to remain in the British colonies as a freedman.

While freight a ship in Georgia, unquestionable was almost kidnapped back get entangled enslavement.

Freedom

By about , Equiano had gone to Britain. Closure continued to work at neptune's, travelling sometimes as a seaman based in England. In relations the Royal Navy ship HMS Racehorse, he travelled to probity Arctic in an expedition near the North Pole.^[15] On ditch voyage he worked with Dr Charles Irving, who had quick a process to distill brine and later made a assets from it.

Two years late, Irving recruited Equiano for a-okay project on the Mosquito Gloss over in Central America, where significant was to use his Continent background to help select slaves and manage them as industry on sugar-cane plantations. Irving settle down Equiano had a working connection and friendship for more already a decade, but the settlement venture failed.^[16] Equiano met parley George, the "Musquito king's son".

Equiano left the Mosquito Shore in and arrived at Town, England, on 7 January ^{[citation needed]}

Pioneer of the abolitionist cause

Equiano settled in London, where bed the s he became complicated in the abolitionist movement. Class movement to end the slaveling trade had been particularly sour among Quakers, but the Camaraderie for Effecting the Abolition holdup the Slave Trade was supported in as a non-denominational course group, with Anglican members, in sting attempt to influence parliament uninterrupted.

Under the Test Act, solitary those prepared to receive blue blood the gentry sacrament of the Lord's Luncheon according to the rites adherent the Church of England were permitted to serve as Forlorn. Equiano had been influenced newborn George Whitefield's evangelism.

As beforehand as , Equiano informed abolitionists such as Granville Sharp look at the slave trade; that crop he was the first instantaneously tell Sharp about the Zong massacre, which was being time-tested in London as litigation intolerant insurance claims.

It became practised cause célèbre for the meliorist movement and contributed to secure growth.^[7]

On 21 October he was one of eight delegates outlandish Africans in America to gain an 'Address of Thanks' exceed the Quakers at a negotiating period in Gracechurch Street, London. Birth address referred to A Snitch to Great Britain and permutation Colonies by Anthony Benezet, author of the Society for righteousness Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage.^[17]

Equiano was befriended and supported by abolitionists, repeat of whom encouraged him terminate write and publish his strength story.

He was supported financially in this effort by altruistic abolitionists and religious benefactors. Dominion lectures and preparation for integrity book were promoted by, mid others, Selina Hastings, Countess admire Huntingdon.

Memoir

Entitled The Interesting Account of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, primacy African (), the book went through nine editions in government lifetime.

It is one simulated the earliest-known examples of publicised writing by an African scribe to be widely read pen England. By , it was a best seller and challenging been published in Russia, Frg, Holland and the United States. It was the first salient slave narrative of what became a large literary genre. On the other hand Equiano's experience in slavery was quite different from that loom most slaves; he did whoop participate in field work, yes served his owners personally stall went to sea, was coached to read and write, spreadsheet worked in trading.^[7]

Equiano's personal history of slavery, his journey inducing advancement, and his experiences although a black immigrant caused cool sensation on publication.

The whole fuelled a growing anti-slavery drive in Great Britain, Europe take up the New World.^[18] His elucidation surprised many with the unmatched of its imagery, description suggest literary style.

In his care about, Equiano gives details about circlet hometown and the laws existing customs of the Eboe children.

After being captured as precise boy, he described communities earth passed through as a internee on his way to dignity coast. His biography details crown voyage on a slave caution and the brutality of servitude in the colonies of class West Indies, Virginia and Sakartvelo.

Equiano commented on the recognition rights that freed people representative colour had in these garb places, and they also blameless risks of kidnapping and bond.

Equiano embraced Christianity at blue blood the gentry age of 14 and closefitting importance to him is well-ordered recurring theme in his reminiscences annals. He was baptised into illustriousness Church of England in ; he described himself in potentate autobiography as a "protestant catch sight of the church of England" nevertheless also flirted with Methodism.^[19]

Several legend in Equiano's life led him to question his faith.

Pacify was distressed in by goodness kidnapping of his friend, precise black cook named John Annis. Annis and his former enslaver, William Kirkpatrick, had initially "parted by consent" but Kirkpatrick reneged, seeking to kidnap and re-enslave Annis. Kirkpatrick was ultimately in force, forcibly removing Annis from say publicly British ship Anglicania where both he and Equiano served.^[20] That was in violation of position decision in the Somersett Change somebody's mind (), that slaves could whine be taken from England out their permission, as common management did not support the foundation in England & Wales.

Kirkpatrick had Annis transported to Ideal Kitts, where he was chastised severely and worked as clean up plantation labourer until he deadly. With the aid of Granville Sharp, Equiano tried to try Annis released before he was shipped from England but was unsuccessful. He heard that Annis was not free from heartbroken until he died in slavery.^[21] Despite his questioning, he affirms his faith in Christianity, despite the fact that seen in the penultimate decree of his work that quotes the prophet Micah (Micah ): "After all, what makes whatsoever event important, unless by wear smart clothes observation we become better accept wiser, and learn 'to improve on justly, to love mercy, prosperous to walk humbly before God?'"

In his account, Equiano further told of his settling wrench London.

He married an Honestly woman and lived with other in Soham, Cambridgeshire, where they had two daughters. He became a leading abolitionist in say publicly s, lecturing in numerous cities against the slave trade. Equiano records his and Granville Sharp's central roles in the anti-slave trade movement, and their have a go to publicise the Zong butchery, which became known in

Reviewers have found that his paperback demonstrated the full and setup humanity of Africans as still as the inhumanity of thraldom.

The book was considered be over exemplary work of English letters by a new African framer. Equiano did so well sound sales that he achieved self-rule from his benefactors. He traveled throughout England, Scotland and Hibernia promoting the book, spending make a difference months in Ireland alone betwixt and ^[22] He worked tenor improve economic, social and scholastic conditions in Africa.

Specifically, of course became involved in working bayou Sierra Leone, a colony supported in for freed slaves stomach-turning Britain in West Africa.

Later years, radical connections

During the Denizen Revolutionary War, Britain had recruited black people to fight board it by offering freedom confront those who left rebel poet.

In practice, it also unprofessional women and children, and affected thousands of slaves to university teacher lines in New York Expanse, which it occupied, and divert the South, where its encampment occupied Charleston, South Carolina. Just as British troops were evacuated comic story the end of the fighting, their officers also evacuated these former American slaves.

They were resettled in the Caribbean, worry Nova Scotia, in Sierra Leone in Africa, and in Author. Britain refused to return honesty slaves, which the United States sought in peace negotiations.

In , following the United States' gaining independence, Equiano became affected in helping the Black Needy of London, who were regularly those former African-American slaves utterly during and after the Dweller Revolution by the British.

On every side were also some freed slaves from the Caribbean, and wearying who had been brought moisten their owners to England increase in intensity freed later after the work out that Britain had no grounds in common law for serfdom. The black community numbered atmosphere 20,^[23] After the Revolution brutal 3, former slaves had bent transported from New York perfect Nova Scotia, where they became known as Black Loyalists, mid other Loyalists also resettled nigh.

Many of the freedmen make higher it difficult to make modern lives in London or Canada.

Equiano was appointed "Commissary duplicate Provisions and Stores for class Black Poor going to Sierra Leone" in November ^{[citation needed]} This was an expedition down resettle London's Black Poor terminate Freetown, a new British department founded on the west seaside of Africa, in present-day Sierra Leone.

The blacks from Writer were joined by more escape 1, Black Loyalists who chose to leave Nova Scotia. They were aided by John Clarkson, younger brother of abolitionist Clockmaker Clarkson. Jamaican maroons, as spasm as slaves liberated from evil slave-trading ships after Britain try the slave trade, also diehard at Freetown in the originally decades.

Equiano was dismissed unfamiliar the new settlement after gripe against financial mismanagement and filth returned to London.^[24][25]

Equiano was straight prominent figure in London gift often served as a advocate for the black community. Subside was one of the influential members of the Sons be fooled by Africa, a small abolitionist crowd composed of free Africans be glad about London.

They were closely pooled with the Society for glory Abolition of the Slave Profession. Equiano's comments on issues were published in newspapers such because the Public Advertiser and righteousness Morning Chronicle. He replied wring James Tobin in , lecture in the Public Advertiser, attacking team a few of his pamphlets and uncomplicated related book from by Gordon Turnbull.^[26][27] Equiano had more outandout a public voice than important Africans or Black Loyalists don he seized various opportunities unite use it.^[28]

Equiano was an lively member of the radical man of the people London Corresponding Society, which campaigned for democratic reform.

In –92, touring the British Isles proper his autobiography and drawing game park abolitionist networks he brokered associations for the LCS, including what may have been the Society's first contacts with the Pooled Irishmen.^[29] In Belfast, where tiara appearance in May was renowned by abolitionists who five adulthood previously had defeated plans interrupt commission vessels in the nickname for the Middle Passage,^[30] Equiano was hosted by the prime United Irishman, publisher of their Painite newspaper the Northern Star, Samuel Neilson.^[31] Following the hit of war with revolutionary Writer, leading members of the LCS, including Thomas Hardy with whom Equiano lodged in , were charged with treason, and top , following evidence of speaking between leading members and primacy insurrectionary United Irishmen, the group of people was suppressed.

Marriage and family

On 7 April , Equiano united Susannah Cullen, a local lass, in St Andrew's Church, Soham, Cambridgeshire.^[35] The original marriage inner containing the entry for Vassa and Cullen is held nowadays by the Cambridgeshire Archives service Local Studies.

He included potentate marriage in every edition complete his autobiography from onwards. Leadership couple settled in the adjust and had two daughters, Anna Maria (–) and Joanna (–) who were baptised at Soham church.

Susannah died in Feb , aged 34, and Equiano died a year after zigzag on 31 March ^[8] In a minute after, Anna died at position age of four, leaving Joanna to inherit Equiano's estate in the way that she was 21; it was then valued at £ (equivalent to £92, in ).

Anna Mare is commemorated by a record at St Andrew's Church, Writer, Cambridge.^[36] Joanna Vassa married birth Reverend Henry Bromley, a Protestant minister, in They are both buried at the non-denominationalAbney Grounds Cemetery in Stoke Newington, London; the Bromleys' monument is compressed a Grade II listed building.^[37]

Last days and will

He drew overload his will on 28 Hawthorn At the time he was living at the Plaisterers' Hall,^[38] then on Addle Street, trim Aldermanbury in the City dominate London.^[39][40] He moved to Bathroom Street (now Whitfield Street), completion to Whitefield's Tabernacle, Tottenham Mind-numbing Road.

At his death motion 31 March , he was living in Paddington Street, Westminster.^[41] Equiano's death was reported temper American^[42] as well as Brits newspapers.

Equiano was buried rest Whitefield's Tabernacle on 6 Apr. The entry in the roster reads "Gustus Vasa, 52 length of existence, S^t Mary Le bone".^[43][44] Government burial place has been left behind.

The small burial ground pass on either side of the asylum and is now Whitfield Gardens.^[45] The site of the synagogue is now the American Ubiquitous Church.

Equiano's will, in birth event of his daughters' deaths before reaching the age expose 21, bequeathed half his mode to the Sierra Leone Theatre group for a school in Sierra Leone, and half to class London Missionary Society.^[40]

Controversy related ploy memoir

Following publication in of simple newly edited version of surmount memoir by Paul Edwards, afraid in Equiano revived.

Scholars immigrant Nigeria have also begun spadework him. For example, O. Vicious. Ogede identifies Equiano as capital pioneer in asserting "the solemnity of African life in character white society of his time".^[46]

In researching his life, some scholars since the late 20th c have disputed Equiano's account unmoving his origins.

In while emendation a new version of Equiano's memoir, Vincent Carretta, a senior lecturer of English at the Routine of Maryland, found two annals that led him to query the former slave's account locate being born in Africa. Operate first published his findings livestock the journal Slavery and Abolition.^[10][47] At a conference in England, Carretta defended himself against Nigerien academics, like Obiwu, who culprit him of "pseudo-detective work" current indulging "in vast publicity gamesmanship".^[48] In his biography, Carretta implicit that Equiano may have antiquated born in South Carolina somewhat than Africa, as he was twice recorded from there.

Carretta wrote:

Equiano was certainly Human by descent. The circumstantial proof that Equiano was also African-American by birth and African-British shy choice is compelling but weep absolutely conclusive. Although the close evidence is not equivalent confess proof, anyone dealing with Equiano's life and art must suspect it.^[5]

According to Carretta, Equiano/Vassa's baptismal record and a naval herd roll document him as bring forth South Carolina.^[10] Carretta interpreted these anomalies as possible evidence ditch Equiano had made up justness account of his African inception, and adopted material from nakedness.

But Paul Lovejoy, Alexander Substantiation. Byrd and Douglas Chambers annotation how many general and press out details Carretta can document be different sources that related to significance slave trade in the callous as described by Equiano, inclusive of the voyages from Africa resolve Virginia, sale to Pascal regulate , and others.

They gross he was more likely effective what he understood as reality, rather than creating a invented account; his work is bent as an autobiography.^[15][7][49]

Lovejoy wrote that:

circumstantial evidence indicates that unquestionable was born where he aforesaid he was, and that, person of little consequence fact, The Interesting Narrative enquiry reasonably accurate in its information, although, of course, subject cast off your inhibitions the same criticisms of selectivity and self-interested distortion that incarnate the genre of autobiography.

Lovejoy uses the name of Vassa hoard his article, since that was what the man used for the duration of his life, in "his inauguration, his naval records, marriage papers and will".^[7] He emphasises turn this way Vassa only used his Somebody name in his autobiography.

Other historians also argue that picture fact that many parts appreciate Equiano's account can be prove lends weight to accepting government account of African birth. Slightly historian Adam Hochschild has written:

In the long and delightful history of autobiographies that alter or exaggerate the truth.&#; Not often is one crucial portion manipulate a memoir totally fabricated gift the remainder scrupulously accurate; in the middle of autobiographers&#; both dissemblers and truth-tellers tend to be consistent.^[50]

He besides noted that "since the 'rediscovery' of Vassa's account in high-mindedness s, scholars have valued simulate as the most extensive value of an eighteenth-century slave's survival and the difficult passage spread slavery to freedom".^[7]

Legacy

• The Equiano The people was formed in London establish November Its main objective decay to publicise and celebrate significance life and work of Olaudah Equiano.^[51][52]
• In Equiano moved to 10 Union Street (now 73 Travelling House Street).

  A City give evidence Westminster commemorative green plaque was unveiled there on 11 Oct as part of Black Novel Month. Student musicians from Leash College of Music played swell fanfare composed by Professor Ian Hall for the unveiling.^[53]

• Equiano comment honoured in the Church virtuous England and remembered in disloyalty Calendar of saints with clever Lesser Festival on 30 July, along with Thomas Clarkson point of view William Wilberforce who worked in lieu of abolition of the slave exchange and slavery.^[54][55]
• In , the assemblage of the celebration in Kingdom of the bicentenary of description abolition of the slave work, Equiano's life and achievements were included in the National Programme, together with William Wilberforce.

  Razorsharp December The Daily Mail described that both would be abandoned from the curriculum, a contend which itself became subject quick controversy.^[56] In January Operation Coal-black Vote launched a petition consent request Education Secretary Michael Gove to keep both Equiano countryside Mary Seacole in the Internal Curriculum.^[57] American Rev.

  Jesse Politician and others wrote a missive to The Times protesting antithetical the mooted removal of both figures from the National Curriculum.^[58][59]

• A statue of Equiano, made insensitive to pupils of Edmund Waller Grammar, was erected in Telegraph Comedian Lower Park, New Cross, Author, in ^[60]
• The head of Equiano is included in Martin Bond's sculpture Wall of the Ancestors in Deptford, London
• Author Ann Cameron adapted Equiano's autobiography for descendants, leaving most of the passage in Equiano's own words; integrity book was published in delicate the U.S.

  by Random Do as The Kidnapped Prince: Integrity Life of Olaudah Equiano, work stoppage an introduction by historian Rhetorician Louis Gates Jr.

• On 16 Oct , Google Doodle honoured Equiano by celebrating the nd vintage since his birth.^[61]
• A crater separation Mercury was named "Equiano" display ^[62]
• The exoplanetHD b was properly named Equiano in as suggestion of NameExoWorlds.^[63]
• In , Google Drizzle named a subsea cable usage from Portugal through the Westbound Coast of Africa and end in South Africa after Equiano.^[64]
• In , the city of University honoured Equiano by renaming Waterside Bridge to Equiano Bridge.^[65][66]

Representation start other media

• The Gambian actor Gladiator Mahoney played Equiano in honourableness BBC television mini-series The Brave Against Slavery ().^[67]
• A minute docudrama, Son of Africa: The Slaveling Narrative of Olaudah Equiano (), produced by the BBC bracket directed by Alrick Riley, uses dramatic reconstruction, archival material extra interviews to provide the common and economic context for realm life and the slave trade.^[68]

Numerous works about Equiano have archaic produced for and since probity bicentenary of Britain's abolition be worthwhile for the slave trade:

• Equiano was portrayed by the Senegalese crown Youssou N'Dour in the coat Amazing Grace ().
• African Snow (), a play by Murray Poet, takes place in the set upon of John Newton, a helmsman in the slave trade who later became an Anglican ecclesiastic and hymnwriter.

  It was good cheer produced at the York Play Royal as a co-production show Riding Lights Theatre Company, dispatch to the Trafalgar Studios think it over London's West End and dialect trig national tour. Newton was stirred by Roger Alborough and Equiano by Israel Oyelumade.

• Kent historian Dr Robert Hume wrote a low-grade book entitled Equiano: The Serf with the Loud Voice (), illustrated by Cheryl Ives.^[69]
• David subject Jessica Oyelowo appeared as Olaudah and his wife in Grace Unshackled – The Olaudah Equiano Story (), a radio change of Equiano's autobiography, created give up Focus on the Family Wireless Theatre.^[70][71]
• The British jazz artist City Kinch's first album, Conversations staunch the Unseen (), contains deft track entitled "Equiano's Tears".
• Equiano was portrayed by Jeffery Kissoon pry open Margaret Busby's play An Individual Cargo, staged at London's Borough Theatre.^[72][73]
• Equiano is portrayed by Danny Sapani in the BBC mound Garrow's Law ().
• The Nigerian novelist Chika Unigwe has written topping fictional memoir of Equiano: The Black Messiah, originally published direction Dutch as De zwarte messias ().^[74]
• In Jason Young's short active film, The Interesting Narrative oppress Olaudah Equiano, Chris Rochester show Equiano.^[75]
• A TikTok series under depiction account @s recounts "the supposition story of Olaudah Equiano", top-hole collection of episodes reimagining rendering childhood of Equiano.

  The play a part is captured as a self-recorded, first-person account, within the object of Instagram Stories/TikTok posts, pour down the drain video, still images, and text.^[76]

• In a documentary entitled The Pleasing to the eye Life of Olaudah Equiano was broadcast by BBC Radio 4.^[77]

See also

References

Further reading

• The Engrossing Narrative of the Life take up Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African at Wikisource.
• For birth history of the Narrative's check over, see James Green, "The Business History of Olaudah Equiano's Engaging Narrative", Slavery and Abolition 16, no.

  3 (): –

• S. Hook up. Ogude, "Facts into fiction: Equiano's narrative reconsidered", Research into Individual Literatures, Vol. 13, No. 1,
• S. E. Ogude, "Olaudah Equiano and the tradition of Defoe", African Literature Today, Vol. 14,
• James Walvin, An African's Life: The Life and Times promote to Olaudah Equiano, – (London: Continuum, )
• Luke Walker, Olaudah Equiano: Nobility Interesting Man (Wrath and Stomachturning Publishing, )

External links

• Works by Olaudah Equiano in eBook form take into account Standard Ebooks
• Works by Olaudah Equiano at Project Gutenberg
• Works by ache for about Olaudah Equiano at rectitude Internet Archive
• Works by Olaudah Equiano at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Frederick Quinn, "Olaudah Equiano", Dictionary of African Christian Biography, item reproduced with permission from African Saints: Saints, Martyrs, and Consecrated People from the Continent panic about Africa, copyright © by Town Quinn, New York: Crossroads Promulgating Company
• Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Brycchan Carey site, Carey – Includes Carey's thorough collection of resources for greatness study of Equiano.

  The Nascency section Where was Olaudah Equiano born? includes a detailed balancing of differing data related open to the elements his place of birth.

• The Equiano ProjectArchived 23 October at rendering Wayback Machine, The Equiano Sing together and Birmingham Museum & Falling-out Gallery
• Part I: "Olaudah Equiano", Africans in America, PBS
• "Historic figures: Olaudah Equiano", BBC